Professor Robert C. Merton, winner of the 1997 Nobel Prize for Economic Sciences and professor of finance at the MIT Sloan School of Management, explains how a longer average lifespan affects retirement planning and what you need to do to plan for your old age today. Follow Professor Merton at: www.robertcmerton.com

Professor Robert Shiller, winner of the 2013 Nobel Prize in, and author of Finance and the Good Society, talks about how financial institutions and innovations could ultimately be used to improve the quality of society. How can high finance be used to reduce inequality among people? Follow Robert Shiller at www.robertshiller.com

Professor Arieh Warshel, winner of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, talks about the role of chemical processes in daily life and how these aid scientific breakthroughs. Find out why there has been a "brain drain" in recent years, as many scientists and researchers look for research funding abroad, and what expat Israeli intellectuals are doing about academic boycotts.

Economics Professor Alvin Roth of Stanford University won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Economics for his work on market design. What is "market design," and how can it be applied to kidney donation, getting married, and medical students choosing residency programs?

Professor Robert Aumann, winner of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economics, explains game theory, how it works, and how it can it be applied to making financial decisions.

Professor Edmund Phelps, winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Economics, and author of Mass Flourishing: How Grassroots Innovation Created Jobs, Challenge and Change, discusses how mass innovation and the creation of new products leads to national prosperity. What do people need to encourage them to think of new ideas? And how do new ideas help spread prosperity?

For a video version or transcript of this episode, go to http://goldsteinongelt.com/nobel-prize-winner-interviews/edmund-phelps

Is minimum wage important for workers? Professor Dale Mortensen, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2010, explains what the movie Moneyball teaches about the minimum wage. Find out what friction is in terms of markets, and what may encourage workers to be more productive.

Professor Peter Diamond, winner of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Economics, explains the purpose of Social Security and how recent policies may affect the U.S. economy. What can retirees expect from Social Security in the future?

Magnus Carlsen is one of the world's most famous chess players, becoming a grandmaster at age of 13. In this interview, he shares his thoughts on the question of whether talent is innate or if it is something you have to work at. He also gives advice on how to develop your chess skills and shares what a day in the life of a top chess professional is like.

Macroeconomic data such as inflation, interest rates, and employment figures often appear in news reports. But what does this information mean, and how does it affect the ordinary person? Professor Christopher Sims, winner of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Economics, explains what macroeconomic data teaches us about the state of the economy. Follow Professor Sims at: http://www.princeton.edu/~sims/