In the 19th c., working backwards from Old Persian to Hittite to Amorite, modern scholars rediscovered the long-forgotten Semitic language Akkadian, and then an even older language, Sumerian. The logographic cuneiform script which was created to write Sumerian was adapted to write Akkadian, and a complex matrix of graphic and linguistic play was opened up by the power of the rebus principle, which arguably lies at the base of all writing—which in turn is only known to have originated in grain states where bookkeeping was necessary to ensure maximum exploitation of the peasantry. While comparing the relationship of Sumerian and Akkadian to that between Chinese and Japanese today, we explore the deep consciousness of class struggle and the fragility and perversity of the grain state and early ancient empires which can be seen on nearly every clay tablet on which this literature comes down to us. We see how the goddess of state violence is thwarted by the god of wisdom, who creates a goddess of revolt to stop her and put her in her place in the Agushaya, an epic poem dating to the reign of Hammurabi, famous for the first law code—though it was really only the first punitive code, whereas human beings outside class society have usually depended on the much more productive practices of restorative justice. We explore vignettes of various trades in the early grain state, as well as the story of a lone hustler who overcomes a greedy bureaucrat with some very picaresque tricks. Finally, a parody on the epic tradition in praise of King Sargon (which dates earlier than any extant example of that tradition) uses puns on similar-sounding words in Sumerian and Akkadian to encode a clandestine critique of class rule.

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