Sitting at the intersection of healthcare policy, hospital finance, and patient access, the 340B drug discount program is a hot button issues in the pharmacy space. The program is critically important to providers that serve high volumes of low income and vulnerable patient populations, but it’s drawing increasing scrutiny.

340B was established in 1992 as part of the Public Health Services Act to help providers stretch scarce resources, expand services, and improve access to care for those most in need. It does this by requiring pharmaceutical manufacturers participating in Medicaid to sell outpatient drugs at significant discounts to safety net hospitals and other covered entities – including federally qualified health centers (FQHCs), HIV clinics, homeless clinics and more. Covered entities are reimbursed for the full cost of the medication and use that margin to offset losses from caring for low‑income, uninsured, and underinsured patients. It’s become a critical component to their operating budgets.

The program has grown substantially since its inception, with increasing numbers of hospitals and entities participating. This expansion has led to questions about whether the program is being used as intended or stretched beyond its original purpose.

Ted Slafsky – one of the nation’s leading experts on 340B – joined Keith Figlioli for this episode of Healthcare is Hard to unpack this complex and critical program. For 22 years, Ted served as president and CEO of 340B Health, a Washington D.C.-based association of over 1400 hospitals nationwide participating in the 340B program. In 2020, he started 340B Report, the only news outlet in the country focused exclusively on the 340B program.

Some of the topics Ted and Keith discussed include:

• Balancing oversight and operational efficiency. The 340B program faces growing calls for transparency and accountability, with proposals for more detailed reporting on how hospitals and clinics use the savings. While oversight is important to ensure compliance and integrity, Ted warns that excessive administrative requirements could overwhelm providers and divert resources away from patient care. The challenge is finding a balance that promotes trust without creating an operational burden.
• Dispelling Myths. One common misconception about 340B is that it’s a direct patient discount program. Ted addressed this myth, explaining how the discount is intended for providers to give them more resources to reach and serve more patients. The other myth Ted addressed is how the program is described – mostly by the pharmaceutical industry – as a “markup scheme.” He doesn’t think that’s a fair depiction and explained that revenue from commercially insured patients is essential for offsetting the cost of treating uninsured and underinsured patients, making the program a lifeline for safety-net providers.
• An uncertain future. The 340B program faces significant uncertainty as policymakers consider major changes. Recent efforts to replace upfront drug discounts with a rebate model could strain the financial stability of small and rural providers, while federal proposals to cut Medicare Part B reimbursement add further pressure. At the same time, state legislatures are enacting a patchwork of laws to protect providers and restore contract pharmacy discounts, creating complexity across the country. Ted advises providers to not simply hope for the best. He urges hospitals and health centers to engage directly with lawmakers and their staff by inviting them to visit facilities where they can see the program’s impact and its role in supporting vulnerable populations.

To hear Ted and Keith discuss these topics and more, listen to this episode of Healthcare is Hard: A Podcast for Insiders.

From being at the center of some of the most significant shifts in U.S. healthcare policy over the past two decades, Liz Fowler can offer valuable perspective in uncertain times. In her most recent government role, Liz served as director of the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI), an organization she helped create a decade earlier. 

As Chief Health Counsel at the Senate Finance Committee, Liz played a major role in the drafting and passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010, which established CMMI. She then served as special assistant to President Obama on health care and economic policy at the National Economic Council to implement the ACA. She also played a key role drafting the 2003 Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act (MMA).

Liz says she’s a public servant at heart, but credits her time in the private sector at Johnson & Johnson and WellPoint (now Elevance) for making her a more effective government leader. Today, Liz provides guidance, insight, and strategy for a broad array of health care stakeholders, including payers, health systems and providers, trade associations, technology companies and more as co-founder and managing partner of Health Transformation Strategies.

Liz talked to Keith Figlioli for this episode of Healthcare is Hard to share insight and perspective as healthcare organizations navigate changing regulations, including those in the “Big Beautiful Bill.” Topics they discussed include:

• The ROI of CMMI. Liz explained the difficulties tracking the savings that CMMI generates. She believes the mechanisms for measuring CMMI are too narrowly defined, making it hard to capture the full impact of its work. She advocates for a broader definition of success, emphasizing that innovation is a process—one where failure can provide just as much impact and opportunity for learning.
• Limited bandwidth for innovation. It’s a challenging time for healthcare organizations that are scrambling to meet deadlines and ensure they’re in compliance with various regulations, including provisions of the “Big Beautiful Bill.” Liz believes this is pulling time and attention away from innovation and slowing progress toward advancing value-based care. Despite the overall constraints Liz sees with the current regulatory environment, she’s optimistic about rural health transformation funding and how that could spark some innovation.
• The revolution that’s not coming. Throughout the conversation, Liz reiterated that “healthcare is hard.” She cautioned against expecting sweeping, revolutionary change, noting that progress in healthcare is incremental. Drawing on her 25+ years in health policy, Liz encouraged listeners to celebrate small victories and keep pushing forward, as real transformation happens step by step.

To hear Liz and Keith discuss these topics and more, listen to this episode of Healthcare is Hard: A Podcast for Insiders.

Dr. Mark McClellan has served as a Member of the President’s Council of Economic Advisors, Administrator of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), and Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). But his experiences before, and accomplishments following these leadership roles at the highest levels of government health policy are equally important to his perspective on the healthcare ecosystem – especially during a time of rapid policy change.

Dr. McClellan always intended on pursuing a medical degree and entered a joint Harvard-MIT program that took him in a slightly different direction. He ended up studying economics and the rising cost of healthcare at MIT. He ultimately earned a medical degree from the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, a Ph.D. in economics from MIT, and a master’s in public administration from Harvard’s Kennedy School.

Dr. McClellan began his career at the Treasury Department in the Clinton Administration, and returned to public service under the George W. Bush Administration where he led the FDA and CMS. Today, Dr. McClellan is the Robert J. Margolis, M.D., Professor of Business, Medicine and Policy at Duke University and the founding Director of the Duke-Margolis Institute for Health Policy. His work centers on improving health care through policy and research, with a focus on payment reforms, quality, value, and biomedical innovation.

With his expertise in medicine, economics and public policy, Dr. McClellan talked to Keith Figlioli in this episode of Healthcare is Hard to share his perspective on adapting to rapid change in the current healthcare landscape. Topics they discussed include:

• Misalignment of innovation and outcomes. While advancements in digital health are coming to market faster than ever before, Dr. McClellan says there’s still a lack of technology truly centered on keeping patients healthy. He says traditional payment methods make it hard to support this type of innovation. For example, advancements in AI are helping physicians gather information for prior authorization requests, and ambient scribing saves time with note taking and administration. But these technologies essentially help providers see more fee-for-service patients or bill for more profitable services. He argues that more outcome-oriented payments are needed to advance technology-embedded care models.
• The evolution of value-based care. After Congress passed the Medicare Modernization Act in 2003 to establish Medicare Advantage, Dr. McClellan became administrator of CMS at the President’s request to lead its implementation. With unique insight from leading some of the earliest VBC programs, he shared his thoughts on the speed of adoption and why it hasn’t happened faster. He discussed how early MA models needed to be based on existing fee-for-service infrastructure, his surprise that not much has changed, and his optimism that it’s finally starting to.
• Mobilizing private capital for public health. Private investment will be essential to support the significant changes required to improve healthcare – especially with uncertainties around future levels of government funding. Dr. McClellan explained how the Duke-Margolis Capital Impact Council (CIC) was launched to guide and improve the role of private investment in healthcare. He described how members of the council are developing and sharing practices for investors and their portfolio companies to track health value return on investment alongside financial ROI.

To hear Dr. McClellan and Keith discuss these topics and more, listen to this episode of Healthcare is Hard: A Podcast for Insiders.

Dr. Josh Mandel says his first love was software. But on a whim, while studying computer science and software engineering at MIT, he took a course that opened his eyes to the world of medicine and genetics. It changed the trajectory of his career away from software – but only temporarily. He entered medical school after earning a bachelor’s degree in computer science and began rotating through Boston-area hospitals at the same time Meaningful Use accelerated adoption of electronic health records. 

With a background in computer science and training as a physician, Josh understood the promise of EHRs, how medical professionals would actually use them, and how to make them better. Based on his unique combination of expertise, Josh took it upon himself to begin making improvements to the systems at the hospital where he worked.

Nearly two decades later, Josh is now Chief Architect for Health at Microsoft Research. In this role, he focuses on developing an ecosystem for health apps with access to clinical and research data, leading standards development for data access, authorization, and app integration.

For the third and last episode in this Healthcare is Hard series, Keith Figlioli spoke to Josh about data interoperability and emerging technologies. This conversation follows previous episodes with Epic’s head of R&D, Seth Hain in Part 1, and the Interoperability Practice Lead at HTD Health, Brendan Keeler – also known as the “Health API Guy” – in Part 2.

Some of the topics Keith and Josh discussed include:

• The standards landscape. At Keith’s request to explain the evolution of health IT standards as if he were talking to a seven-year-old, Josh breaks it down in simple terms. He outlines how structured data related to things like allergies, medications, and vital signs are well standardized today, while newer data types like genomics and imaging remain fragmented. He also explains the role of HL7, FHIR, and the Argonaut Project in shaping interoperability.
• How AI flips the script on standards. Josh says generative AI changed the way he thinks about engaging with the standards community. After getting an early preview of GPT-4 a few years ago, he realized that it would dramatically reduce the value of detailed data structure standards over time. He says that as AI becomes better at interpreting unstructured data, the focus will shift from formatting to governance – who can access what, and under what conditions. He described the concept of “language first interoperability” as one initiative he’s working on where automated agents query each other in the equivalent of an email or chat thread. Instead of exposing extensive details upfront, agents that can access unstructured data and understand things like medical necessity and other guardrails can send messages to each other until they make a conclusion about a specific task. This technology will increase the value of standards for data access and privacy, while reducing the focus on interoperability.
• Advice for startups. In a fast-moving landscape, Josh urges startups to “build and explore.” He emphasizes the importance of staying close to customers, iterating quickly, and leveraging today’s best models while keeping an eye on what’s coming next. His advice: don’t get bogged down in yesterday’s limitations—focus on unlocking value now and adapting as the technology evolves.

To hear Dr. Mandel and Keith discuss these topics and more, listen to this episode of Healthcare is Hard: A Podcast for Insiders.

Brendan Keeler’s path into healthcare interoperability has been anything but straightforward. After early stints implementing Epic in the U.S. and Europe, he helped hundreds of startups connect to provider and payer systems at Redox, Zus Health and Flexpa before taking the reins of the Interoperability Practice at HTD Health. Along the way, his Health API Guy blog turned dense policy updates into plain-language guides, earning a following among developers, executives and regulators. 

In this episode, Keith Figlioli sits down with Keeler to examine the “post-Meaningful-Use” moment. They discuss how national networks like Carequality and CommonWell solved much of the provider-to-provider exchange problem, only to expose new gaps for payers, life-science firms and patients. Keeler says the real action right now is in three places where the biggest, most dramatic changes are about to happen: 

• Antitrust pressure on dominant EHRs. Epic’s push into ERP, payer platforms and life-sciences services could trigger “leveraging” claims that force unbundling, similar to cases already moving through federal court.  
• Information-blocking enforcement. Recent lawsuits show courts siding with smaller vendors when incumbents restrict data access, a trend Keeler believes could unwind long-standing moats around systems of record. 
• A CMS-led shift from policy to execution. With ONC budgets flat, Keeler sees CMS using its purchasing power to unblock Medicare claims data at the point of care, expand Blue Button APIs, and accelerate work on a national provider directory, digital ID and trusted exchange frameworks. 

Keeler’s optimism is pragmatic. AI agents may someday chip away at entrenched EHR “data gravity,” but real progress, he says, will come from steady, bipartisan layering of HIPAA, Cures Act and TEFCA foundations. 

He also pushes back on venture capital’s “system-of-action” thesis. Enterprise EHRs remain sticky because switching costs—massive data migration and workflow retraining—are measured in decades, not funding cycles. AI could reduce these problems, but only slowly and only if underpinned by trusted exchange standards. 

Zooming out, Keeler describes a policy arc that starts with provider-to-provider exchange, widens to payer and patient access, and ultimately points toward a nationwide digital ID that could streamline consent and credentialing. For innovators, his north star is clear: build for identity-verified, standards-based exchange; assume open APIs will become table stakes; and judge success by the friction you subtract from everyday care—not by how flashy the demo is. 

To hear Brendan Keeler and Keith unpack these issues, listen to this episode of Healthcare is Hard: A Podcast for Insiders. Please note that this episode was recorded earlier this summer, before the CMS meeting, and that some developments have occurred since then.

Seth Hain has spent two decades at Epic, watching the electronic health record evolve from digital filing cabinet to care-delivery platform. Now he thinks the entire stack of software is being re-imagined, only this time it isn’t mobile or cloud driving the change, but generative AI.   

In a conversation with Keith Figlioli, Hain explains how new tooling, cheaper compute and larger context windows are pushing healthcare toward an “agentic” era, where software can collect context, ask clarifying questions, and tee up next-best actions before the clinician even walks into the room. He argues that the real breakthrough isn’t documentation speed-ups, but the chance to embed a learning health system directly into daily workflows. 

Central to that vision is Cosmos—a dataset of 15 billion encounters from more than 250 health systems that is already powering condition-specific growth charts and real-world evidence studies. The next step: piping those insights back to the bedside at scale.   

Yet technology alone won’t deliver. Hain and Figlioli dig into: 

• A real “health grid” is starting to form. Hain envisions a network that connects life-science companies, health-system clinicians and tech builders so discoveries can move from bench to bedside without today’s data hand-offs and delays. Epic’s role is to lower the technical friction, so researchers can spot patterns, then surface the insight inside everyday workflows. The long-term bet: once the pipes are in place, bespoke therapies (even gene treatments) could be developed and delivered in one coordinated loop rather than siloed phases. 
• Agentic AI is rewriting the user interface, not just speeding up notes. Hain argues the shift from cloud/mobile to generative agents is “noticeably different” because large-context models can listen, remember, reason and suggest next steps in real time. That opens the door to smart exam rooms that combine ambient voice, vision and wearables, and to workflows that provide clinicians with a complete picture before they walk in the patient's room. As UI layers splinter, the possibility of deep insights from longitudinal data is becoming reality, and vendors who overlook this shift will quickly fall behind.  
• AI as a Force Multiplier for a Shrinking Workforce. With demand still rising faster than the workforce can grow, Hain sees AI as a supplement, not a head-count replacement: think follow-up calls, patient triage or ambient documentation that frees staff to practice at the top of their license. But he’s clear that hype won’t bend the curve; the industry has to measure quality gains, time saved and patient outcomes before claiming ROI. Governance must evolve in parallel so speed doesn’t outrun safety or equity and incumbents that ignore this shift do so at their peril. 

Throughout, Hain balances optimism with realism: the models are improving fast, but value will hinge on measurable outcomes, thoughtful deployment, and collaboration across an industry that often works in silos.  

To hear Seth Hain and Keith discuss these topics and more, listen to this episode of Healthcare is Hard: A Podcast for Insiders. 

Brian D. Pieninck didn’t take a conventional path to healthcare leadership. He started his career as an 18-year-old IT contractor and spent two decades working across the industry before becoming President and CEO of CareFirst Blue Cross Blue Shield. He now also serves as Chair of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association, bringing both local and national perspective to the role. 

In this episode, Keith Figlioli speaks with Pieninck about what it means to lead a not-for-profit regional payer at a time of seismic change. With 3.6 million members and coverage that spans commercial, Medicare, and Medicaid, CareFirst has become a vital part of healthcare access and infrastructure across the Mid-Atlantic. Pieninck reflects how demographic shifts, rising costs, and policy uncertainty are challenging how healthcare organizations evolve, while staying focused on long-term outcomes.  

Pieninck and Keith discuss: 

• Advancing health equity as part of the community. Pieninck sees CareFirst not just as a payer, but as part of the region’s civic infrastructure, creating economic opportunities, delivering care through primary and urgent care locations, and supporting long-term health equity initiatives across Maryland, DC, and Northern Virginia. 
• Medicaid coverage and its downstream impact. With nearly half of children in Maryland and DC relying on Medicaid, Pieninck warns that cuts or disruptions don’t reduce the need for care; they push it into higher-cost, less coordinated settings like emergency departments. 
• The balloon effect in healthcare financing. As costs are squeezed in one area, they inflate in another. Pieninck challenges the idea that market forces can realign care efficiently. He discusses how efforts to contain spending in one area often lead to inefficiencies elsewhere, and the system ends up paying more later because early, lower-cost interventions are underfunded or inaccessible.  
• Innovation that simplifies the system. Through CareFirst’s innovation arm, Healthworx, Pieninick highlights the need to design a system that works for people by reducing complexity and embedding support directly into the healthcare experience. 
• AI and infrastructure: opportunity meets readiness. With nearly three decades of experience on the technology side of healthcare, Pieninck is bullish on AI’s potential—especially now that it's available at a price point that can scale. Real progress, he notes, will depend on thoughtful governance, better interoperability, and models built around human needs. 

This episode offers a look at how one regional plan is thinking through the tensions between access, affordability and innovation, and what that means for the broader system.  

To hear Brian D. Pieninck and Keith discuss these challenges in depth, listen to this episode of Healthcare is Hard: A Podcast for Insiders. 

Kody Kinsley has been called many things—operator, innovator, Medicaid “nerd”—but above all, he’s a fierce advocate for the health and well-being of the populations Medicaid serves. Now a senior advisor at the Milken Institute and recently North Carolina’s Secretary of Health and Human Services, Kinsley joins Keith Figlioli for a wide-ranging conversation about how Medicaid works, why it matters, and where innovation is reshaping its future. 

A native of North Carolina, Kinsley brings personal experience and professional depth to his perspective. Growing up uninsured, he watched his mother navigate pediatric clinics, sliding-scale providers, and supply closets offering free samples to keep her kids healthy. That formative exposure ultimately propelled him into a career spanning healthcare operations, behavioral health, public policy, and government leadership. 

As North Carolina’s health secretary, Kinsley led one of the country’s largest and most complex human services agencies, overseeing everything from Medicaid operations and public health to psychiatric hospitals and child welfare. He played a central role in advancing Medicaid expansion in the state—an achievement shaped by bipartisan negotiation, careful balancing of federal and state resources, and a deep understanding of the healthcare landscape. 

In this episode, Kinsley and Keith cover: 

• The structural realities behind state Medicaid programs. Kinsley describes how mega-agencies like North Carolina’s bring together financing, public health, regulation, and direct care delivery—touching millions of lives daily, often invisibly. 
• Federal-state dynamics and looming policy shifts. From federal match rates to provider taxes and budget triggers, Kinsley explains the intricacies of how money moves between federal and state governments—and what’s at stake when Congress debates Medicaid cuts or structural reforms. 
• The human cost behind budget debates. Behind every line item is a person: whether it’s dental coverage, hospice services, or in-home care, Kinsley argues that policymakers must weigh the downstream impacts of funding decisions on real lives and long-term system costs. 
• Bright spots and innovation. Kinsley highlights North Carolina’s “Healthy Opportunities” pilot—one of the first initiatives nationally to use Medicaid dollars for non-medical needs like food, housing, and transportation. Early results show promise, including improved outcomes and significant cost savings, suggesting a roadmap for other states. 
• Looking forward. While political winds may shift and financial pressures mount, Kinsley remains optimistic. He points to growing public support for Medicaid and hopes the nation can move beyond divisive debates over whether healthcare is a right or privilege—focusing instead on smarter, more sustainable ways to deliver care. 

To hear Kody Kinsley and Keith Figlioli unpack these topics and more, listen to this episode of Healthcare is Hard: A Podcast for Insiders. 

Dr. Ali Khan has spent his career at the intersection of medicine, public policy, and value-based care. He’s also been at the forefront of some of the country's most innovative care delivery models—from Iora Health and CareMore to Oak Street Health and now Aetna, where he serves as Chief Medical Officer of Medicare at Aetna, a CVS Health company. In this episode, Keith Figlioli sits down with Dr. Khan for a conversation about Medicare’s future—and what it will take to make the promise of better, more affordable healthcare a reality. 

A general internist by training, Dr. Khan’s path into healthcare began with a deep curiosity about the broader systems shaping people’s health. That curiosity took him from Harvard Kennedy School to the exam room to health plans and startups focused on reimagining the primary care experience for complex, underserved populations. Throughout his career, he’s gravitated toward organizations trying to solve public-sector problems with private-sector solutions—building care models that prioritize trust, access, and long-term outcomes. 

Now at the helm of a Medicare Advantage program serving 4.2 million members, Dr. Khan brings a unique vantage point. In this conversation, he shares hard-earned lessons on care model design, what payers and providers need from each other, and why Medicare is at an inflection point. He makes a compelling case for a renewed focus on the fundamentals—not just risk adjustment or benefit design, but operational follow-through, last-mile care coordination, and culturally grounded team-based models that scale. 

Dr. Khan and Keith discuss: 

• Building care models that hold up under pressure. From Iora to Oak Street, Dr. Khan has seen firsthand that delivering better outcomes at scale requires more than mission—it takes structural rigor. He unpacks four key dimensions—cultural, clinical, operational, and technological—and explains why lasting impact depends on aligning all of them. Whether it's equipping care teams to deliver in complex communities or building systems that can flex and scale, success hinges on getting the foundation right. 
• Why affordability isn’t enough—and where Medicare Advantage must go next. With over half of Medicare beneficiaries now enrolled in MA plans, Dr. Khan argues it’s time to move beyond the value prop of supplemental benefits and zero-dollar premiums. The next chapter is about proving clinical excellence at scale. That means prioritizing follow-through over features—removing last-mile barriers, improving care coordination, and designing experiences people actually trust.  
• From transactional to transformative: the evolving role of health plans. Plans have long relied on contractual structures to drive change, but Dr. Khan believes that era is fading. To deliver on the promise of value-based care, plans must shift from passive administrators to proactive partners—investing in infrastructure, surfacing actionable insights, and enabling providers to succeed across Medicare, Medicaid, and commercial populations alike. 
• Where AI meets care delivery. Dr. Khan reflects on the potential of AI to reduce clinical variation, improve medication management, and drive better follow-up for patients—especially those with chronic conditions. But he cautions that technology alone won’t move the needle. To truly unlock AI’s value in Medicare, plans and providers must embed it within human-centered systems, coordinate care in real time, and ensure new tools support—not replace—the relationships that matter most. 

As Dr. Khan notes, we’re entering a “put up or shut up” era for Medicare Advantage, where scrutiny is high and proof points matter. Yet within that pressure lies opportunity—particularly for those willing to do the unglamorous work of identifying barriers, building connective tissue, and supporting clinical teams in the trenches.

The first two episodes in this Healthcare is Hard podcast series on “Opportunities in Oncology” explored the relationship between academic medical centers and community care, with guests Dr. Stephen Schleicher from Tennessee Oncology, and Dr. Harlan Levine from City of Hope. For the third and final episode in the series, Dr. Daphne Haas-Kogan joined Keith Figlioli for a conversation that dives more deeply into patient care, innovations in care delivery and the opportunities for entrepreneurs.

Dr. Haas-Kogan is Chair of the Department of Radiation Oncology at Mass General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Boston Children’s Hospital. She is also the Willem and Corrie Hees Family Professor of Radiation Oncology at Harvard Medical School.

Dr. Haas-Kogan received her undergraduate degree in biochemistry and molecular biology from Harvard University and her medical degree at UCSF. She completed her residency in radiation oncology at UCSF in 1997 and became vice-chair for research at UCSF in 2003, and educational program director in 2008. Dr. Haas-Kogan’s laboratory research focuses on molecular underpinnings of brain tumors and pediatric cancers. She leads large multi-institutional initiatives funded by NIH/NCI, philanthropic organizations, and industry collaborators.

For this episode of Healthcare is Hard, some of the topics Dr. Haas-Kogan discussed with Keith include:

• The collaborative approach to care. Dr. Haas-Kogan talked about how most people with cancer struggle with many other medical issues – some predating cancer diagnosis, some precipitated by the treatment itself – and how several care teams are required to treat the patient wholistically. She also discussed how important it is for academic medical centers and community hospitals to work together, the responsibilities each holds to the patient, and the goal of making sure patients receive the same exact care regardless of location.
• The precision of radiation oncology. There are generally three pillars of cancer treatment. The first is surgery to remove tumors, the second is medication to kill cancer cells with drugs, and the third is radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells. Dr. Haas-Kogan described how radiation oncology is, in many ways, a combination of surgical oncology and medical oncology. It requires the precision of surgery – especially when treating a tumor close to critical structures like the brain stem or spinal cord – but can also be applied in a single day or over the course of weeks, similar to medication. She discussed how this allows for unique collaboration between academic researchers and community physicians, along with opportunities for creative workforce solutions.
• AI in oncology. The impact artificial intelligence has already had on oncology would have been unimaginable five or 10 years ago, and Dr. Haas-Kogan says the opportunities for entrepreneurs in the space are huge. As an example of the impact AI has already made, she talked about how radiation oncologists traditionally spend hours defining exactly what they want treated and the dose of radiation required. But now, AI is doing most of that, saving physicians precious time. She talked about how medicine is an art and how treatment like this is very nuanced, so she very often makes changes after reviewing AI-generated recommendations. But she says advancements are coming quickly.

To hear Dr. Haas-Kogan and Keith discuss these topics and more, listen to this episode of Healthcare is Hard: A Podcast for Insiders.