Historias Unknown

On December 11, 1981, the US trained Atlácatl battalion descended on the village of el Mozote (and surrounding villages) and enacted one of the worst human rights violations in Latin America. They murdered women, children and village. After their attack was over, it is estimated that at least 1000 civilians were killed. Survivors of the attack are still trying to seek justice.

In this episode, Cristina tells Carmen about the Salvadoran civil war and the massacre of El Mozote. This episode discusses a massacre during the Salvadoran civil war, murder of children and rape are discussed, listen with care (or feel free to skip this episode if these are topics are triggering).

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected]

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ 

Sources:

http://www.lib.luc.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/show/ellacuria-tapes https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-cold-war.html#/ https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/05/13/us-role-el-mozote-massacre-still-echoes-immigration-today/
https://elfaro.net/es/201003/noticias/1416/How-we-killed-Archbishop-Romero.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War#Aims_of_the_junta's_violent_repression https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlacatl_Battalion https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/09/world/americas/09amaya.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8E-RJxjYMo https://www.dplf.org/en/resources/el-mozote-massacre-trial-decades-long-search-justice-el-salvador-continues https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/26/world/americas/el-salvador-el-mazote-massacre.html https://www.latinorebels.com/2018/09/06/daughterofelmozotesurvivor/ https://www.axios.com/el-mozote-salvador-massacre-40-years-22099231-a62f-45af-a53d-ddb639be60af.html https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Lai_massacre#:~:text=Victims%20included%20men%2C%20women%2C%20children,in%20C%20Company%2C%20was%20convicted.
Danner, M. (2005). The massacre at El Mozote: A parable of the Cold War. Granta Books.  https://www.propublica.org/article/survivors-and-families-of-victims-of-a-1981-el-salvador-massacre-see-justice-slip-away-again#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16707316579004&referrer=
https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&share=
https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propublica.org%2Farticle%2Fsurvivors-and-families-of-victims-of-a-1981-el-salvador-massacre-see-justice-slip-away-again https://elfaro.net/en/202104/el_salvador/25441/US-Government-Hid-Presence-of-US-Advisor-in-Mozote-Massacre-Expert-Says.htm
https://unfinishedsentences.org/el-faro-the-day-the-offended-of-el-mozote-silenced-the-military/ 

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A peaceful Palm Sunday parade turned deadly in Ponce, Puerto Rico in 1937. 21 Puerto Ricans were killed and more than 200 wounded, all at the hands of US funded Insular Police. In this episode, Cristina tells Carmen about this dark chapter of Puerto Rico history.

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources:

https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/ponce-massacre/
https://waragainstallpuertoricans.com/the-ponce-massacre/
Denis, N. A., & Denis, N. A. (2016). The Ponce Massacre. In War against all puerto ricans revolution and terror in America's colony. essay, Bold Type Books. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce_massacre 

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Thousands of Chilean Children were stolen from their mothers during the Pinochet regime. They were sent abroad, to adoptive parents, to countries like Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, France, Germany and the United States. These adoptive parents had no idea their children were placed under adoption through coercive methods. Carmen tells Cristina about the dark history and corruption behind international adoption in Chile during the Pinochet regime

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources:

https://people.com/human-interest/twins-stolen-at-birth-reunite-with-biological-mom-who-fought-to-find-them/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jan/26/chile-stolen-children-international-adoption-sweden https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/american-firefighter-learns-chiles-stolen-children/story?id=84012146#:~:text=In%201983%2C%20Hilda%20Quezada%20Godoy,by%20the%20government%20of%20Chile.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-48929112  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)#Human_rights_violations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-UyE4R64wU 

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El Cri-Cri is a fictional cricket created by Francisco Gabilondo Soler. El Cri-Cri is arguably the most famous Spanish singing character, at least for the generation of millennials and above. His more than 200 songs hold a special place in history, but his songs are not without controversy.

In today's episode, Cristina tells Carmen about the history, legacy and controversy behind El Cri-Cri

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ 

Sources:
https://remezcla.com/features/music/cri-cri-el-grilito-cantor-op-ed/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Gabilondo_Soler
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri-Cri_(character) 

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Prudencia Ayala was an indigenous woman, writer, social activist and in 1930, she dared to run for president, in a time when women couldn't even vote in El Salvador (or in all of Latin America). In today's episode, Cristina tells Carmen about an amazing woman who made history by daring to run.

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] use

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources:
https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/she-dared-to-run-the-unlikely-story-of-prudencia-ayala/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudencia_Ayala https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185743/http://www.eldiariony.com/especiales/90/detail.aspx?id=700214&SectionId=46 

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Latines had a huge role in WWII, from filling in work shortages to filling in ranks in the United States Armed forces. Many Mexican and Puerto Rican members of the military were sent to the Philippines or different Latin American countries. Puerto Rican soldiers that were sent to Panama, participated in mustard gas experiments. They, along with Black and Japanese-American soldiers, were sought out for these experiments due to their race.

In today's episode, Cristina tells Carmen about this dark chapter in WWII history.

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources:

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/03/534896928/for-veterans-mustard-gassed-in-secret-tests-help-now-sits-on-presidents-desk
https://www.npr.org/2015/06/23/416408655/the-vas-broken-promise-to-thousands-of-vets-exposed-to-mustard-gas
https://www.npr.org/2015/06/22/415194765/u-s-troops-tested-by-race-in-secret-world-war-ii-chemical-experiments
Smith, S. L. (2008). Mustard gas and American race-based human experimentation in World War II. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 36(3), 517+.
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A186516801/AONE?u=fvrl_main&sid=googleScholar&xid=c80913cf https://borinqueneers.com/en_US/soldier/ssg-gabriel-soto-rivera-ret 

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From 1909 to the 1970s, the state of California performed one third of all sterilizations in the United States. 20,000 sterilizations were performed during these years, to people that did not consent. The case of Madrigal v. Quilligan, took place in Los Angeles in the 1970s. Many unsuspecting women were coerced to sign paperwork to perform their sterilization, while others were told that the process could be reversed.

Cristina tells Carmen about this dark chapter in California history and they also discuss the book Solito by Javier Zamora.

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources: No Mas Bebes. 2015. Directed by Renee Tajima-Peña
https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/madrigal-v-quilligan#:~:text=and%20Photographs%20Division.-,Madrigal%20v.,for%20involuntary%20or%20forced%20sterilization.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal_v._Quilligan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_m%C3%A1s_beb%C3%A9s https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/01/magazine/when-doctors-took-family-planning-into-their-own-hands.html
https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/36db64c71e274d5092cfdd68f5b3c541
Music Credit: Hustlin' (Instrumental) · NEFFEX 

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The Guatemalan Syphilis experiments were conducted in Guatemala from 1946 to 1948. They were led by John Cutler, who would go on participate in the Tuskegee Experiments. This was unknown, until Historian and Professor Susan Mokotoff Reverby found Cutler's archives, while she was researching the Tuskegee Experiments. Guatemala has condemned these experiments as crimes against humanity.

Carmen tells Cristina about this dark chapter in Guatemala history and it's aftermath. They also discuss the recent news about Nury Martinez, former president of the Los Angeles City Council and her racists remarks.

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram, you can find pictures of topics discussed: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Website: https://www.historiasunknown.com/

Sources:
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-guatemala-syphilis/u-s-researchers-broke-rules-in-guatemala-syphilis-study-idUSTRE77S3L120110829 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3828982/  http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/cover_story/2017/02/guatemala_syphilis_experiments_worse_than_tuskegee.html 
https://www.voanews.com/a/judge-lawsuit-over-guatemala-syphilis-experiment-to-proceed/4730000.html
https://www.law.com/2022/04/22/federal-judge-dismisses-suit-against-johns-hopkins-rockefeller-foundation-over-nonconsensual-human-medical-experiments-in-guatemala/?slreturn=20220909212146 

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Eugenics was developed largely by Sir Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race, eugenics was increasingly discredited as unscientific and racially biased during the 20th century and it also informed many policies in California. In California, Mexicans were targeted by eugenic policies, making up the majority of people sterilized in during the 1900s.

Cristina tells Carmen about eugenic history, sterilizations and how the same rhetoric exists today, in stereotypes about "dirty Mexicans" and "hyper breeder" Latina women.

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources:
http://www.processhistory.org/sara-rosas-garcia/
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/california-compensates-victims-forced-sterilizations-many-latinasrcna1471#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16640386522730&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&share=
https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Flatino%2Fcalifornia-compensates-victims-forced-sterilizations-many-latinas-rcna1471
Stern, A. (2016). Eugenic Nation (2nd ed.). University of California Press.

Music Credit: Hustlin' (Instrumental) · NEFFEX

Mentioned in this episode: Roe v wade
For more information visit: https://choice.crd.co/

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Cliserio Reyes was a young boy in Mexico when the Torreon airport was built. He loved airplanes and dreamed of flying. This is the story of his dream. Since Carmen and I were busy to record together for this week, enjoy this mini-sode!

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 
 
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources:
https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,813604,00.htm https://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/cliserio-reyes-el-nino-mexicano-que-volo-a-12-mil-pies-montado-a-fuera-de-un-avion.html#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16603650652815&referrer=
https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&share=
https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexicodesconocido.com.mx%2Fcliserio-reyes-el-nino-mexicano-que-volo-a-12-mil-pies-montado-a-fuera-de-un-avion.htm https://www.tusbuenasnoticias.com/noticias/mexico/2022/06/23/13636-cliserio-reyes-el-joven-de-torreon-que-volo-agarrado-de-un-avion-y-luego-se-convirtio-en-piloto-comercial#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16603650652815&referrer=
https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&share=
https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tusbuenasnoticias.com%2Fnoticias%2Fmexico%2F2022%2F06%2F23%2F13636-cliserio-reyes-el-joven-de-torreon-que-volo-agarrado-de-un-avion-y-luego-se-convirtio-en-piloto-comercial

Music Credit: Hustlin' (Instrumental) · NEFFEX
Sound effects and other music licensed through Envato Elements

Mentioned in this episode: Roe v wade
For more information visit: https://choice.crd.co/ 

Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/historias-unknown--6253658/support.