Latin America is one of the deadliest places to be a defender of rights; despite the high rates of activist killings and high rates of impunity, many risk their lives to fight for their rights.

In this episode, Carmen tells Cristina about the state of environmental activism in Latin America, as well as a few cases of environmental activists whose lives were taken for their activism.

If you have topic suggestions, feel free to email [email protected]

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Music Credit: Hustlin (Instrumental) by Neffex

Petition mentioned: https://cispes.salsalabs.org/Alianzaarrests2024/index.html?eType=EmailConfirmation&eId=c8825587-5cf6-42e9-8655-21709b29ada8 Sources:  https://www.globalwitness.org/en/press-releases/almost-2000-land-and-environmental-defenders-killed-between-2012-and-2022-protecting-planet/

Sources:  

https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/who-killing-latin-americas-environmentalists  https://globalearthrepairfoundation.org/homero-gomez-gonzalez/  https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/he-told-me-of-his-battle-to-save-the-monarch-butterfly-from-illegal-loggers-now-hes-gone-missing/2020/01/23/353a6a94-3dea-11ea-afe2-090eb37b60b1_story.html 
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-51304857  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero_G%C3%B3mez_Gonz%C3%A1lez 
The Guardian of the Monarchs documentary on Netflix   https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/03/mexico-second-monarch-butterfly-sanctuary-worker-found-murdered 
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/29/over-1700-environmental-activists-killed-in-past-decade-report 
https://hrf.org/the-cost-of-defending-the-environment-in-latin-america/  https://www.foe.org.au/what_is_extractivism 
https://latamjournalismreview.org/news/honduras-suspected-murderer-of-journalist-and-indigenous-leader-pablo-hernandez-captured/ 
https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/honduras-indigenous-community-radio-director-pablo-isabel-hern%C3%A1ndez-murdered-un-ohchr-calls-for-murder-investigation-to-include-his-work-as-human-rights-defender/ 
https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/honduras-lenca-environmental-defender-is-first-the-human-rights-defender-to-be-killed-in-2022-in-the-country/  https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/mar/22/two-murders-in-a-week-honduran-activists-risk-death-to-defend-rights 
https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/melvin-geovany-mej%C3%ADa-rodr%C3%ADguez-broad-movement-for-dignity-and-justice-madj-movimiento-amplio-por-la-dignidad-y-la-justicia/ 
https://www.irtfcleveland.org/content/rrn/2022-02-24-000000  https://www.mp.hn/publicaciones/exhuman-cadaver-del-lider-indigena-en-el-progreso-yoro/  https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/07/venezuela-indigenous-leader-killed-amazon-defenders 
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/01/venezuela-indigenous-leader-defended-amazon-shot-dead 

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La Frente de Liberacion Homosexual, the Homosexual Liberation Front or FLH in Argentina was a gay rights organization that formed in August 1971 in Buenos Aires. They were a coalition of semi-autonomous groups, who were all far left, anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist, and stood for LGBT rights, women’s rights and labor rights. They were met with repression, arrests and even disappeared during the Military Junta of Argentina.

In this episode, Cristina tells Carmen about the FLH. If you have topic suggestions, feel free to email [email protected]

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Music Credit: Hustlin (Instrumental) by Neffex

Sources: 
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Homosexual https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Homosexual_(Argentina) https://www.moleculasmalucas.com/post/agosto-de-1971 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezeiza_massacre https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuestro_Mundo https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Anabitarte https://www.infobae.com/leamos/2022/05/16/estrechamente-vigilados-por-la-locura-vuelve-un-libro-de-amor-entre-hombres-que-era-inconseguible/
https://www.moleculasmalucas.com/post/pioneros-de-la-fraternidad-homosexual https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/the-sixties-in-argentina-political-repression-cultural-vibrancy/ Documentary mentioned: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2v0eiemcHY 

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When it comes to the Spanish Conquistadors, it’s not incorrect to say they were pretty terrible people. But out of all of them, one name stands out, he also happens to be the founder of Guadalajara, Jalisco, among other towns in the Northwest of Mexico. Nuño Beltran de Guzman was called "the most depraved man to set foot in New Spain".

In this episode, Cristina tells Carmen about Nuño Beltran de Guzman, in a new series they are calling "Behind the Bastardos", where they talk about some of the worst people in Latin American history.

If you have topic suggestions, feel free to email [email protected]

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Music Credit: Hustlin (Instrumental) by Neffex

Sources: 

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_de_Guzm%C3%A1n https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/11471/nuno-beltran-de-guzman https://www.mexconnect.com/articles/658-bloody-guzman/ https://theguadalajarareporter.net/index.php/columns/columns/allyn-hunt/50000-beltran-de-guzman-an-unrelenting-application-of-evil-a-cruel-tangle-of-anti-church-anti-cortez-anti-indian https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangaxuan_II 

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In light of the student protests calling for divestments from Israel and a ceasefire in US schools, Carmen tells Cristina about the student movements from the 1920s to the 1950s in Colombia and the student movement from 1918 in Argentina that led to university reform.

If you have topic suggestions, feel free to email [email protected]

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Music Credit: Hustlin (Instrumental) by Neffex

Sources: 

https://ageofrevolutions.com/2020/10/26/la-esperanza-de-america-latina-the-ongoing-student-revolution-in-colombia/ 
https://www.instagram.com/reel/C6fIgwhJHxM/?igsh=MTc4MmM1YmI2Ng%3D%3D  https://everytownsupportfund.org/history-of-divestment-on-college-campuses/  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Massacre  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla  https://www.ainfos.ca/13/jun/ainfos00192.html  ​​https://www.nytimes.com/1954/06/10/archives/15-die-in-studentarmy-strife-in-bogota-colombian-regime-puts-tight.html 
https://www.puees.unam.mx/sapa/dwnf/2/1.Ordorika-Imanol_2021_StudentMovementsAndPoliticsInLatinAmerica.pdf  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordobazo#:~:text=The%20Cordobazo%20was%20a%20civil,the%20global%20protests%20of%201968.

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Teresa Urrea was a curandera, folk saint, feminist and revolutionary. A woman ahead of her time. She came to be known as Santa Teresa or La Santa de Cabora. And in more recent times, the Joan of Arc of Mexico.

In this episode, Cristina tells Carmen about the life of Teresa Urrea.

If you have topic suggestions, feel free to email [email protected]

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

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Music Credit: Hustlin (Instrumental) by Neffex

Sources: 

Ringside to a Revolution by David Dorado Romo Revolutionary Women of Texas and Mexico  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Urrea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_Uprising
https://www.latinousa.org/2021/11/05/teresaurrea/ 

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Victor Jara was a popular singer in Chile, famous for his folk songs that focused on politics, human rights, and social justice. This, along with aligning himself with Allende, made him a target for the Chilean right-wing, and he was captured and killed by the Pinochet regime after the US backed coup against Allende. Following Victor Jara’s assassination, his family fought a decades-long battle for justice, which continues to this day.

If you have topic suggestions, feel free email [email protected]

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Music Credit: Hustlin (Instrumental) by Neffex

Sources
https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-02-28/the-last-days-of-victor-jara-chiles-political-poet-killed-by-the-pinochet-dictatorship.html  https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/04/17/inenglish/1429274863_181405.html  https://www.thenation.com/article/world/victor-jara-chile-murder-barrientos/  https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/18/us/victor-jara.html  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Jara 
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20897545  https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/03/chile-victor-jara-execution-solider-extradited-us-trial 
https://cja.org/what-we-do/litigation/jara-v-barrientos/ 

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In October 1998, General Augusto Pinochet was arrested for crimes of genocide and terrorism. He spent months in house arrest in England, but 15 months after his arrest, he was declared not fit to stand trial. Upon his return to Chile, he was charged for his role in the Caravan of Death. He faced more charges over the next 5 years, but died of a heart attack in 2006. At the time of his death, he faced 300 criminal charges. He never spent a day in jail.

On this episode of Historias Unknown, Cristina tells Carmen what led up to the end of the Pinochet regime and what came after.

If you have topic suggestions, feel free email [email protected] or use this form Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Music Credit: Hustlin (Instrumental) by Neffex

Sources

A Nation Of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet by Pamela Constable & Arturo Valenzuela
The Pinochet FIle by Peter Kornbluh
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/11/chile-marks-50-years-since-pinochets-brutal-coup https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/09/chile-coup-democracy-1988-pinochet/675275/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet 

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In the aftermath of the Pinochet coup, Chileans faced unimaginable horrors under the military dictatorship. The Caravan of Death: Initiated by Pinochet, this series of massacres between September 30th and October 22nd, 1973, led to the deaths of at least 97 people. Victims were tortured, stabbed, and shot, their bodies disposed of in unmarked graves or dumped into the ocean. DINA's Reign of Terror: The National Intelligence Directorate, DINA, became a powerful and ruthless secret police force, tasked with eradicating Marxism. Their tactics included infiltration, torture, and assassination, targeting leftist movements and their sympathizers both domestically and internationally.

In this episode, Cristina tells Carmen what followed after Pinochet's rise to power. Including the human rights violations, prison camps, caravan of death and DINA. Stay tuned for the next episode as we explore the downfall of Pinochet's regime.

If you have topic suggestions, feel free email [email protected]

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ W

Music Credit: Hustlin (Instrumental) by Neffex

Sources

A Nation Of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet by Pamela Constable & Arturo Valenzuela
The Pinochet FIle by Peter Kornbluh 

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After Salvador Allende's presidency in Chile and the coup that deposed him, one man rose to power: Augusto Pinochet. A figure shrouded in ambiguity until the devastating consequences of his rule unfolded. In this episode, Cristina tells Carmen about what who Augusto Pinochet was and the weeks that followed the coup of 1973. While many celebrated the coup, followers of Allende mourned, recognizing the ominous future ahead. Pinochet's unassuming demeanor masked his vehement anti-Marxist stance and disdain for Allende. Despite initial doubts about Pinochet's involvement in the coup, he emerged as a pivotal figure. His regime unleashed a reign of terror, marked by thousands of deaths, disappearances, and widespread repression, revealing the true extent of his ruthless authoritarianism.

If you have topic suggestions, feel free email [email protected]

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ W

Music Credit: Hustlin (Instrumental) by Neffex

Sources

A Nation Of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet by Pamela Constable & Arturo Valenzuela
The Pinochet FIle by Peter Kornbluh
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/pinochet/overview.htm https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6606013 https://www.britannica.com/topic/dictator-ruler
https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20230908-five-decades-on-chile-still-grapples-with-legacy-of-pinochet-dictatorship
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto

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On 9/11/1973, Salvador Allende’s government was overthrown by the military. Among the conspirators was Chile’s future dictator, Augusto Pinochet.

In this episode, Carmen tells Cristina about the day of the coup, and Allende’s final moments. This is part two of a series on Chile. In part one, Historias Unknown covered the life of Allende, leading up to the coup. The next episodes in the series will cover the Pinochet regime and the end of the dictatorship in the next few episodes.

If you have topic suggestions, feel free email [email protected] o

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ W

Sources
Salvador Allende: Revolutionary Democrat by Victor Figueroa Clark https://www.npr.org/2019/02/22/696057482/trumps-venezuela-moves-follow-long-history-of-intervention-in-latin-america 
https://www.npr.org/2023/09/10/1193755188/chile-coup-50-years-pinochet-kissinger-human-rights-allende 
https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/salvador-allende-killed/  https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/chile-coup-timeline/  https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/marxism  https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-10-chile/primary-documents-w-accompanying-discussion-questions/document-25-final-speech-by-salvador-allende-1973/  https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-10-chile/figures-in-chilean-history/ 
https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-05-26/the-private-meeting-between-kissinger-and-pinochet-in-chile-we-want-to-help.html#?rel=mas 
https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2023-08-08/chiles-coup-50-kissinger-briefed-nixon-failed-1970-cia-plot-block 
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/6/fifty-years-after-chiles-coup-the-search-for-truth-continues 
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Salvador-Allende  

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