The language from European leaders was fawning and obsequious. At one point, the head of Nato, Mark Rutte, even called Donald Trump “daddy”. But when the US president left the Nato summit in late June, there was a sigh of relief that he had not made any more angry criticism of the alliance.

And after months of American pressure, Nato members agreed to increase their spending on defence to 5% of GDP by 2035.

 So how did Europe become so unable to defend itself that it was forced to resort to outright flattery of an American president?

In this episode, we report from the recent Siena Conference on the Europe of the Future in Italy about how the EU dropped the ball on its own defence and what its options are now. Featuring Ana E. Juncos, professor of European politics and the University of Bristol in the UK, Francesco Grillo, academic fellow at Bocconi University in Italy, and François Lafond, former assistant professor at  Sciences Po University in France and a former advisor to the Western Balkans.

This episode was written and produced by Gemma Ware with assistance from Katie Flood and Mend Mariwany. Sound design and mixing by Eloise Stevens and theme music by Neeta Sarl. Read the full credits for this episode and sign up here for a free daily newsletter from The Conversation.

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