References

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Belsha CW. Pediatric Hypertension in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med. 2008; 51(3):21-24.

Chandar J et al. Hypertensive crisis in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012; 27:741-751.

Dionne JM et al. Hypertension Canada's 2017 Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Pediatric Hypertension. Canadian J Cardiol. 2017; 33:577-585

*Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al; SUBCOMMITTEE ON SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHILDREN. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017; 140(3):e20171904

Gilhotra Y et al. Blood pressure measurements on children in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Australasia. 2006; 18:148-154.

Lurbe E et al. 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens. 2016; 34:1-35.

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Addendum: Causes of Malignant Hypertension by Age Infant to Toddler Preschool to School Age Adolescent to Adult Renal disease Renal disease Primary hypertension Coarctation of the aorta Coarctation of the aorta Medication non-adherence Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Drug induced/toxicologic Renal disease Increased intracranial pressure Increased intracranial pressure Increased intracranial pressure Volume overload Pheochromocytoma Pheochromocytoma Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Primary hypertension Drug induced/toxicologic

Adapted from: Constantine E. Hypertension. In: Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 6th Ed. Fleischer GR, Ludwig S, Henretig FM (Eds). Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 2010; p315.

This post and podcast are dedicated to Manpreet 'Manny' Singh for his collegiality, collaboration, and overall awesomeness.