Incomplet Design History

The History of Tarot decks intersects with symbology, or the study of symbols as well as their history, mass production of text and images, and popular culture, all of which are fields of study in the history of graphic design, and yet this subject has not been included in mainstream histories of design. Is this a reflection of the mystical, romanticized history of the cards, and one that implies a connection to divination or fortune telling? It is also a history that connects with the history of alchemy, and science, as well as with religious studies, esoterism, and occult, and yet the cards themselves emerged from secular roots. Tarot cards are not quite viewed as art and yet not celebrated as graphic design. The cards began as a simple game in Renaissance Italy, only gaining their association with esoterism in the 1700s when they were falsely connected with Hermeticism, and instilled with a completely fabricated Egyptian heritage. This history grew to include a connection to secret societies. Some of the most well-known decks of the 20th century and beyond were illustrated by women, including Moina Mathers, Lady Freida Harris, and Pamela Colman Smith and yet they are more associated with the men who dictated their design. Tarot cards have continued to evolve, transitioning away from being viewed as a tool for fortune telling and toward a new age tool for self-reflection, introspection, and self-help.

1430s – Tarochi card game invented in Itlay
1450 – Visconti-Sforza deck made by Bonifacio Bembo
1491 – Sola-Busca deck made by Nicola di maestro Antonio
1770 – Jean Baptiste Alliette publishes  A Way to Entertain Oneself With Cards
1776 – Antoine Court de Gebelin associates Tarot with esoterism and the occult
1781 – Antoine Court de Gebelin publishes Le Monde Primitif or the Primeval World
1855  – Éliphas Lévi piublishes Transcendental Magic
1888 – Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn founded
1906 – Jugendstil Tarot Deck designed by Ditha Moser 
1907 – Images of the Sola Busca deck donated to the British Museum 
1910 – Waite & Pamela Coleman Smith collaborate on the Waite Colman Smith Deck historically known as the Rider Waite deck
1944 – Aleister Crowley writes The Book of Toth, cards and illustrations by Lady Frieda Harris
1973 – The Tarot of Witches deck is created by Scottish artist and illustrator Fergus Hall for the film Live and Let Die
1977 – The Waite Colman Smith Deck goes into mass production
1978 – The Fantod Pack, a Parody deck designed by Edward Gorey is published
1984 – Mary K. Greer writes Tarot for yourself
1984 – Salvador Dali produces his Tarot deck 
1992 –  HIV Tarot produced by artist Kim Abeles

Archetype. (2016). In J. L. Longe (Ed.), Gale Virtual Reference Library: The Gale encyclopedia of psychology (3rd ed.). Gale. Credo Reference: https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galegp/archetype/0?institutionId=1845

Auger, E. E. (2004). Tarot and Other Meditation Decks: History, Theory, Aesthetics, Typology. McFarland.

Boley, M. (2023, April 10). Oracle Decks: What They Are and How To Use Them - Mental Musings - Medium. Medium. https://medium.com/musings-with-meg/oracle-decks-what-they-are-and-how-to-use-them-c037251a7a84

Dummett, M. (2007). Six XV-Century Tarot Cards: Who Painted Them? Artibus et Historiae, 28(56), 15–26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20067158

Farley, H. (2009). A cultural history of tarot : From entertainment to esotericism. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.

Farley. (2006). The evolution of the 'mother' in Tarot. Hecate, 32(2), 68–87.

Gerstler, A. (1994). Kim Abeles. www.artforum.com. https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/199401/kim-abeles-54441

Grimoire. (2007). In U. McGovern (Ed.), Chambers Dictionary of the Unexplained. Chambers Harrap. Credo Reference: https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/chambun/grimoire/0?institutionId=1845

Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. (2007). In U. McGovern (Ed.), Chambers Dictionary of the Unexplained. Chambers Harrap. Credo Reference: https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/chambun/hermetic_order_of_the_golden_dawn/0?institutionId=1845

Hundley, J., Fiebig, J., & Kroll, M. (2020). Tarot. Taschen.

Maille, P. (2021). The Cards: The Evolution and Power of Tarot.

Parkinson, N. (2013). The Colour Reference Library, Royal College of Art, London. Journal of Design History. https://doi.org/10.1093/jdh/ept004

Richman-Abdou, K. (2020). The spellbinding history of tarot cards, from a mainstream card game to a magical ritual. My Modern Met. https://mymodernmet.com/history-of-tarot-cards/

Roya, W. (2019). Debunking common myths about playing cards - Tarot & China. PlayingCardDecks.com. https://playingcarddecks.com/blogs/all-in/debunking-common-myths-about-playing-cards-tarot-cards

Schechter. (2020). Tarot's Italian Roots: For Devotees Of This 600-Year-Old Esoteric Art, A Trip To Milan Is In The Cards. National Geographic, 237(2), 34.

Schneider, M. (2015, February 24). Edward Gorey’s ‘anxious, irritable’ tarot card set is predictably perfect. DangerousMinds. https://dangerousminds.net/comments/edward\_goreys\_tarot\_card\_set

tarot. (2007). In U. McGovern (Ed.), Chambers Dictionary of the Unexplained. Chambers Harrap. Credo Reference: https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/chambun/tarot/0?institutionId=1845

Waite, A(rthur) E(dward) (1857–1942). (2007). In U. McGovern (Ed.), Chambers Dictionary of the Unexplained. Chambers Harrap. Credo Reference: https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/chambun/waite_a_rthur_e_dward_1857_1942/0?institutionId=1845

Wintle, S. (2022, July 17). A Moorish Sheet of Playing Cards — The World of Playing Cards. The World of Playing Cards. https://www.wopc.co.uk/spain/moorish/a-moorish-sheet-of-playing-cards

Wintle, S. (2023, July 19). Mamluk Playing Cards — The World of Playing Cards. The World of Playing Cards. https://www.wopc.co.uk/egypt/mamluk

The history of graphic design has traditionally skewed toward designers from white hegemony. Where white men (and some women) tend to fill the pages, webpages, and galleries that celebrate design. As humanity evolves, we must realize the value of making space for more diverse voices in the design world. This episode elevates Black designers who have successfully fought against the forces of white supremacy and oppression to take back control of representation. Starting with Abolitionist broadsides, this episode examines how mostly white creators of broadsides, used to support the antislavery movement, were hindered by what we now call the “White Savior Complex” and that the tone of abolitionist imagery and vocabulary was marked by the perceived superiority of the white Northern audience. Next, we look to the famous “I AM A MAN” protest signs of the Civil Rights marches. These protest signs have endured and evolved into modern iterations as a piece of living history highlighting the fight for racial equality which continues to be an inspiration for art and design practices today.  The episode also takes a deep dive into the life and work of Archie Boston. Archie Boston is a graphic designer known for creating subversive, self-aware work in the advertising and design industry. The genius of his designs is that he often appropriates and retrofits racist imagery, similar to how Black vernacular has reclaimed certain racial slurs. Rounding out the discussion is a survey of current design collectives and groups of professional creatives such as the Design Justice Network. This episode discovers insightful parallels between Black representation in the Abolition era and today, clearly demonstrating that the best advocates for Black freedom and equality are Black people. Graphic design in the hands of Black activists becomes a powerful force for positive change and strengthening communities.

1943 – b Clewiston, Florida 
1961 – started attending Chouinard Art Institute
1964 – interned at Carson/Roberts
1965 – worked at Hixson And Jorgensen Advertising
1966 – became art director at Botsford Ketchum
1967 – started Boston & Boston Design with his brother Bradford
1969 – left Boston & Boston and rejoined Botsford Ketchum
1973 – started Archie Boston Design 
1977 – received master’s degree from the University of Southern California
1977 – started lecturing at California State University Long Beach (CSULB)
2001 – published Fly in the Buttermilk: Memoirs of an African American in Advertising Design & Design Education
2009 – published Lil' Colored Rascals in the Sunshine City

1830s – Abolitionist Broadsides, weaponized advocating to free slaves
1900 – WEB Du Bois and Black Data, Infographic Activism
1963 – March on Washington protest signs.
1966 – Boston and Boston advertisements, “Ku Klux Klan”, “For Sale”
1968 – I AM A MAN, Memphis Sanitation Strike
1980s – Archie Boston Graphic Design, “I don’t want to marry your daughter”
2016/2017 – Martin Typeface designed by Tré Seals inspired by I AM A MAN, Memphis Sanitation Strike posters
2021 – Black lives matter protest posters

Archie Boston Graphic Design files. (n.d.). Online Archive of California. https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8183dtf/

Archie Boston papers, 1963-2018 and undated - Archives & Manuscripts at Duke University Libraries. (n.d.). David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library. https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/bostonarchie

Barrett, L. (2014, February 12). “Am I not a man and a brother?” : The political power of the image. The Black Atlantic. https://sites.duke.edu/blackatlantic/2014/02/10/am-i-not-a-man-and-a-brother-the-political-power-of-the-image/

Barry, N. (2022, January 4). Project 3, Phase 1: - Nouria Barry - Medium. Medium. https://medium.com/@nouriabarry/project-3-phase-1-e6fe0757b57b

Black Disabled Lives Matter Riso Poster with Stickers Pack Bundle — jenwhitejohnson.com. (n.d.). https://jenwhitejohnson.com/Black-Disabled-Lives-Matter-Riso-Poster-with-Stickers-Pack-Bundle

Boston, A. (2001). Fly in the buttermilk: Memoirs of an African American in Advertising, Design & Design Education.

Boston, A. (2009). Lil’ colored rascals in the Sunshine city.

Daniel, J. (2015, February 18). Four Corners – an interview with Archie Boston. Design Week. https://www.designweek.co.uk/issues/september-2013/four-corners-an-interview-with-archie-boston/

Epplett, A. (2022). Abolitionist Broadsides and Anti-Slavery Imagery — Coalition of Master’s Scholars on Material Culture. Coalition of Master’s Scholars on Material Culture. https://cmsmc.org/publications/abolitionist-and-anti-slavery-imagery

Frederick Douglass Project: In the Classroom: the Abolitionist Movement Packet | RBSCP. (n.d.). https://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/2890

Gaiter, C. (n.d.). Strikethrough: Typography Messages of Protest for Civil Rights. https://archive.bipocdesignhistory.com/. https://archive.bipocdesignhistory.com/ST-General

Hayes, J. (2021). Africobra: Messages to the people.

Hoffmitz Milken Center for Typography (HMCT). (2020, October 21). Archie Boston lecture [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oe5EVDoySwc

Jan. 6, 1832: New England Anti-Slavery Society founded - Zinn Education Project. (2023, January 18). Zinn Education Project. https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/anti-slavery-society/

McDonald, A. (2019, September 12). New Exhibit: “No One Can Suppress Archie Boston” - The Devil’s Tale. Duke University Libraries. https://blogs.library.duke.edu/rubenstein/2019/09/12/new-exhibit-no-one-can-suppress-archie-boston/

Munro, S. (2021, July 27) Zoom Interview Archie Boston and the Author.

Rapp, A. (September 1, 2008). "Archie Boston's Design Journey". AIGA. Retrieved 2022-01-28. 

Reckdahl, K., & Rabut, A. (2020, March 12). This New Orleans artist challenges the way people see things. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/09/arts/bmike-artist-new-orleans.html

Toppins, A. (2020, August 18). Beyond the Bauhaus: I AM A MAN. AIGA Design Educators Community. https://educators.aiga.org/beyond-the-bauhaus-i-am-a-man/

George Herriman was a cartoonist, illustrator, and pioneer of the cartoon comics genre, and is perhaps most known for his long-running and wildly popular comic strip Krazy Kat. Woodrow Wilson, the 28th President of the United States, and  John Jacob Astor, a wealthy business tycoon, were some of the famous fans of Herriman’s comics. Astor went so far as to name his dog Ignatz for the mouse that was Krazy Kat’s constant companion. Herriman’s work was not only popular but also influential and was said to have inspired cartoonists Patrick McDonnell, the creator of the strip Mutts, and Bill Watterson, creator of Calvin and Hobbes. There are even rumors that Walt Disney was inspired by Krazy Kat in his creation of Mickey Mouse, and visual similarities between the two characters are striking. Krazy Kat wasn’t just a goofy comic strip as it also provided social commentary containing themes of spirituality, surrealism, philosophy, literary allegories, the study of phrenology, as well as veiled commentary on racism. Although subtle, his allegories about racism reflect his opinion on the absurdity of social, economic, and political discrimination based on skin color. Many of the storylines in Krazy Kat were in fact hidden reflections of the artist’s own struggles, as a Creole man of mixed-race heritage, passing for white even at the time of his death. Herriman knew the consequences that would ensue if anyone found out about his racial ancestry, he intended his secret to die with him and not even his own daughters knew.

1880 – b New Orleans, Louisiana 
1890 – Herriman and family moved from Louisiana to LA; likely begins passing as white
1892 – Attended St. Vincent's Collegiate course 
1896 – 16, Herriman joined the St. Vincent Lyceum; Excelled at Honors English, penmanship, geography, languages 
1897 – Herriman worked at the first newspaper The Los Angeles Herald at 17 years old; Made first illustrations there. 
1901 – Herriman first meets William Randolph Hearst & works for Evening Journal New York American. 
1902 – Herriman married Mabel Lillian Bridge
1901-1922 –  Herriman moved across the country working for multiple printing agencies 
1911 – Krazy Kat & Ignatz's 1st official appearance under The Dingbat Family comics. 
1913 – Krazy Kat finally is a stand-alone comic strip for The Evening Journal. 
1922 – Permanent residence in LA under different papers for William Randolph Hearst from 1922 to his death. 
1944 – died in his sleep at the age of 64
1971 – Herriman’s racial identity is discovered by Arthur Berger

Bellot, G. (2017, January 19). The gender fluidity of Krazy Kat. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-gender-fluidity-of-krazy-kat

Fikes, R. (2021, January 19). George Joseph Herriman (1880-1944) https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/herriman-george-joseph-1880-1944/

Tisserand, M. (2016). Krazy: George Herriman, A life black and white. HarperCollinsPublishers 

Walker, T. (2020, February 20). Influential comic artist George Herriman. The Dream Foundry. https://dreamfoundry.org/2020/02/14/influential-comic-artist-george-herriman/

An indigenous cowboy-artist from small-town Oklahoma, Tommy Wayne Cannon was born to Caddo and Kiowa parents in the Fall of 1946. Growing up he attended school in Gracemont and took an interest in the arts. As an adolescent, Cannon was self-taught in the arts and entered his works in regional art competitions through the Southern Plains Indian Museum. His success in these competitions, as well as his proficiency in multiple mediums, won him a scholarship to the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico. It was here that Cannon’s passion for art was met with an environment of tools and people that allowed for further exploration and refinement of his skills. In school, Cannon adopted his moniker “T. C.” Cannon, which is how he would be known professionally once his career began. The IAIA was not accredited as a College at the time, so Cannon enrolled at the San Francisco Art Institute but was disappointed in the lack of community he had grown accustomed to at the IAIA. He dropped out of school and enlisted in the Army, serving in combat in the late-stage offensives of the Vietnam War. Upon returning he attended Central State University (now UCO) in Edmond, Oklahoma where he met his wife, Barbara. Upon graduation, he produced work for a showcase alongside one of his IAIA mentors that toured the US and Europe. In preparation for his next showcase, solo at the Arbach Gallery in NYC, Cannon spent six years in his studio creating a large body of work. Tragically, just a few months prior to his showcase in May of 1978, Cannon was killed in a car accident in Santa Fe. He was only 31 years old.

1946 — Born in Lawton Oklahoma
1961 — Age of 15, sold his first works to the Southern Plains Indian Museum
1964 — Enrolled in the Institute of American Indian Arts
1965 — The Voting Rights Act assured Native Americans right to vote
1967 — Begins tour of Vietnam under the 101st Airborne; While away, Rosemary Ellison included him in a traveling exhibition
1968 — Returns from war
1972 — Finishes his degree at Central State University in Edmond, Oklahoma, graduating with a Bachelor of Fine Arts
1972 — Included in, and toured with, a Smithsonian exhibit. Over the next six years he would go on to produce a large body of work in anticipation of his solo showcase.
1975 — Became Artist-in-Residence at Dartmouth.
1978 — Died in a car crash in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Aged 31 years old.
1978 — His showcase is posthumously  opened at the Arbach Gallery in New York
1988 — Inducted into the National Hall of Fame for Famous American Indians

101st Airborne Division - Army Unit Directory. (n.d.). Together We Served. https://army.togetherweserved.com/army/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=PublicUnit&type=Unit&ID=231#membersinthisunit

101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) :: FORT CAMPBELL. (n.d.). US Army. https://home.army.mil/campbell/index.php/101st

Action Painting & Gestural Painting | IAIA - Action/Abstraction Redefined. (n.d.). IAIA - Action/Abstraction Redefined. https://abstraction.iaia.edu/exhibition/action-gestural/?page=3

Color Field Painting movement Overview. (n.d.). The Art Story. https://www.theartstory.org/movement/color-field-painting/

Fauntleroy, G. (2018, July 16). Perspective: T.C. Cannon [1946–1978]. Western Art & Architecture. https://westernartandarchitecture.com/august-september-2018/perspective-t-c-cannon-1946-1978

Fritz Scholder | Biography. (n.d.). Fritz Scholder official Website. http://www.fritzscholder.com/biography.php

Kapplow, H., & Kapplow, H. (2018). The Bold Yet Too-Brief Art Career of T.C. Cannon. Hyperallergic. https://hyperallergic.com/446024/tc-cannon-peabody-essex-museum/

Krutak, L. (2018, January 23). Treasures Of The Iacb: T.C. Cannon, Who Shot The Arrow, Who Killed The Sparrow (1970). U.S. Department of The Interior. https://www.doi.gov/iacb/treasures-iacb-tc-cannon-who-shot-arrow-who-killed-sparrow-1970

Levy, M. (n.d.). TC Cannon. Medic in the Green Time. http://medicinthegreentime.com/tc-cannon/

Making History: Celebrating 60 years of IAIA and 50 years of MOCNA. (2022). Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA). https://iaia.edu/making-history-celebrating-60-years-of-iaia-and-50-years-of-mocna/

New Mexico Red : T. C. Cannon : Color Field Paintings | IAIA - Action/Abstraction Redefined. (n.d.). IAIA - Action/Abstraction Redefined. https://abstraction.iaia.edu/exhibition/color-field/detail.php?artwork=t-c-cannon--new-mexico-red-1967

On Drinking Beer In Vietnam in 1967 , Edition 6-100 | Cannon, T. C. (Caddo/Kiowa). (n.d.). New Mexico Digital Collections. https://nmdigital.unm.edu/digital/collection/mcna/id/1154/

Pallant, C. (2015, March 4). The Essence of Forever. This Land Press - Made by You and Me. https://thislandpress.com/2015/03/04/the-essence-of-forever/

Purvis, R. (n.d.). SFAI and IAIA. ORBITS. https://matrix277.org/Object-61

Schjeldahl, P. (2019, April 8). T. C. Cannon’s Blazing Promise. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/04/15/t-c-cannons-blazing-promise-peter-schjeldahl

T.C. Cannon. (n.d.). Pierson Gallery, American Fine Art & Antiques – Tulsa, OK. https://piersongallery.com/t-c-cannon.html

TC Cannon. (n.d.). Windsor Betts. https://windsorbetts.com/artist/tc-cannon

T.C Cannon: At The Edge of America | PEM Native American Art. (n.d.). PEM | Peabody Essex Musuem. https://www.pem.org/exhibitions/t-c-cannon-at-the-edge-of-america

Watson, M. J. (n.d.). Cannon, Tommy Wayne. Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS. https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=CA044

Waiting for the Bus (Anadarko Princess) by T.C. Cannon.

 (n.d.). Oklahoma Arts Council. 

https://www.arts.ok.gov/art_at_the_capitol/State_Art_Collection.php?c=sac&awid=177

Women have long been a part of bookmaking, design, and publishing, dating as far back as handmade illuminated manuscripts, created before the printing press. In the 18th and 19th centuries, women were known to run some very successful book binderies, including Jane Steel, Katherine Waghorn, Jane Aitken, and Lorina Watkins. Most often women took over when their husbands or fathers died. Other women supported their husbands' work by setting type, such as Bertha Goudy, wife of noted book and type designer Frederic Goudy. Women also became very successful book designers following the era of book reform known as the Arts & Crafts period which resulted in the Private Press Movement. The Private Press movement was concerned with making high-quality books that were beautiful expressions of book design and a departure from the low-quality mass-produced books emerging from the industrial age and the Victorian era. Women were gaining entry into the design world as part of the Arts & Crafts movement, schools associated with the movement were cropping up all over Europe and in the United States as well, and women were enrolling in these schools in numbers not seen before. Historians note the high number of women who matriculated from the Glasgow Arts & Crafts school surpassed the number of men. As such it makes sense that we would find women designers in the history of the Private Press movement. Designers such as Margaret Armstrong and Amy Sacker designed book covers and interior pages during the era. Primarily ignored in many histories of art and design is the history of bookbinding. However, this history is also tied to the Arts & Crafts and the Private Press movement, bookbinding was another avenue of paid labor for women.

10th Century – Ende, Spanish Illuminator of Manuscripts signs her work
18th Century –  women begin owning and operating bookbinderies; women and girls were also employed in large numbers folding and stitching pages
1839 – Jane Burden (Morris), born 
1859 – Jane Burden (Morris), marries William Morris
1863 – Alice Cordelia Morse, born 
1867 – Margaret Armstrong, born 
1867 – Amy Sacker, born
1879 – Alice Cordelia Morse attends the Cooper Union (segregated school for girls)
1880-1890 – Designing book covers becomes a professional practice
1885-1889 – Alice Cordelia Morse works for Tiffany & Co. designing stained glass; in 1889 she leaves Tiffany to begin a freelance career designing book covers
1889 – Jane Burden (Morris) designed the cover for Wilfrid Scawen Blunt’s In Vinculis
1890 – Armstrong’s first book cover design was for Sweet William by Marguerite Bouvet
1890-1940  – Margaret Armstrong's career as a book designer, produced some 270 book designs
1891 – Kelmscott Press founded by William Morris and Emery Walker
1901 – Amy Sacker received awarded a medal for designs at the Pan-American exposition
1893 – Morse chaired the Sub-Committee on Book-Covers, Wood Engraving, and Illustration of the Board of Women Managers for the Woman’s Building at the World’s Columbian Exposition
1897 – Society of Arts & Crafts in Boston founded, active members included Amy Sacker, Sarah Wyman Whitman, Julia DeWolf Addison, and Mary Crease Sears
1910 – Women begin to dominate the modern decorative movement
1914 – Jane Burden (Morris), dies
1918 – Le Corbusier and Amédée Ozenfant, announce a hierarchy of art and craft with women and craft at the bottom
1923 – Alice Cordelia Morse donates her book cover designs to the Metropolitan Museum Library 
1937 – Bookmaking on the Distaff Side, a book published by women printers
1944 – Margaret Armstrong, dies
1961 – Alice Cordelia Morse, dies
1965 – Amy Sacker, dies

This should not be considered a complete list of women in book design & bookbinding history, this is just a list of names uncovered for the research of this episode and intended to show that there is a wealth of names that could be included in histories of graphic design. This list focuses on women from the past, there is also a wealth of women designers who have worked more recently in book design, this too could become a future episode.

• Sarah Wyman Whitman (1842-1904)
• Helena de Kay (1848-1916)
• Katherine Adams (1862-1952)
• Alice Cordelia Morse (1863 – 1961)
• Margaret Armstrong (1867–1944)
• Elizabeth Corbet Yeats (1868-1940)
• Bertha Goudy (1869-1935)
• Bertha Stuart (1869-1953)
• Anna Simons (1871-1951)
• Amy Sacker (1872-1965)
• Annie French (1872-1965)
• Emma Redington Lee Thayer (1874-1973)
• Jessie Marion King (1875-1949)
• Anna Sipkena (1877-1933)
• Vanessa Bell (1879-1961)
• Magdalena Koll (1879-1962?)
• Wilhelmina Drupsteen (1880-1966)
• Marion Louise Peabody (1881-1937)
• Olga Rosanowa (1886-1918)
• Rie Cramer (1887-1977)
• Alice Greinwald-Clarus (1887-1925)
• Ljubow Popowa (1889-1924)
• Jo Daemen (1891-1944)
• Galina Tschitschagowa/Chichagowa (1891-1967)
• Olga Tschitschagowa/Chichagowa (1892-1956)
• Antonia Sofronowa (1892-1966)
• Nina Brodinsky (1892-1978)
• Olga Brodinsky (unknown, sister to Nina Brodinsky)
• Freda Lingstrom (1893-1989)
• Lou Loeber (1894-1983)
• Vavara Stepanova (1894-1958)
• Amy Richards (1896 - 1918)
• Eva Aschoff (1899-1969)
• Erika Giovanna Klien (1900-1957)
• Margarete Leins (1900-1995)
• Fré (Frederika Cohen (1903-1943)
• Grete Stern (1904-1999)
• Louise E. Jefferson (1908-2002)
• Jane Bissell Grabhorn (1911-1973)
• Muriel Cooper (1925 -1994)
• Elaine Lustig Cohen (1927-2016)
• Bea Feitler (1938-1982)

Battershill, C. (2022). Women and Letterpress Printing 1920-2020: Gendered Impressions. Cambridge University Press.

Breuer, G., & Meer, J. (2012). Women in Graphic Design 1890-2012. Jovis Verlag.

Dubansky, M., Frelinghuysen, A. C., & Dunn, J. M. (2008). The Proper Decoration of Book Covers: The Life and Work of Alice C. Morse.

Dubansky, M. (2009, May). Alice Cordelia Morse (1863–1961). The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mors/hd_mors.htm

Edna Beilenson, 71, graphic arts expert and book publisher. (1981, Mar 04). New York Times (1923-) Retrieved from https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/edna-beilenson-71-graphic-arts-expert-book/docview/121888575/se-2

Ethel Reed, Artist. (1896). Bradley, His Book, 1(3), 74–76. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20443160

Fanni, Fanni, Maryam, Flodmark, Matilda, Kaaman, Sara, Walkup, Kathy, Börjel, Ida, Baines, Jess, Wikander, Ulla, Humlesjö, Inger, Waaranperä, Ingegärd, Cartmail, Gail, Dobney, Megan, & Josefsson, Kira. (2020). Natural enemies of books.

Garrett, M., & Thomas, Z. (2019). Suffrage and the Arts: Visual Culture, Politics and Enterprise. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Goudy, F. (1939). Bertha M. Goudy: Recollections by one who knew her best. The Village Press.

Harlan, R. D. (1975). Review Article: Oral Histories of San Francisco Printing [Review of Book Printing with the Handpress; Brother Antoninus: Poet, Printer, and Religious; Artist and Printer; Comments on Some Bay Area Fine Printers; Recollections of the Grabhorn Press; The Colt Press; Fine Printing and the Grabhorn Press; The Grabhorn Press and the Grace Hoper Press; Fine Printers of the San Francisco Bay Area; Two San Francisco Bookmen; Recollections of San Francisco Printers; A Life in Printing; Literary San Francisco; Bookselling and Creating Books; Photoengraving, 1910-1969; The Schmidt Lithography Company; San Francisco Printers, 1925-1965; A Printed Word Has Its Own Measure; Untitled Interview; Printing and Book Design, by L. Allan, Dorothy Allan, Brother Antoninus (William Everson), Malette Dean, F. P. Farquhar, Edwin Grabhorn, Jane Grabhorn, Robert Grabhorn, Katherine Grover, Sherwood Grover, J. D. Hart, Warren R. Howell, Haywood Hunt, Lawton Kennedy, O. Lewis, D. Magee, Walter Mann, Max Schmidt, Jr., Herman Diedrichs, … A. Wilson]. The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, 45(2), 202–205. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4306509

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Tidcombe, M. (1996). Women Bookbinders, 1880-1920. Amsterdam University Press.

Women’s work. (n.d.). Brooklyn Museum. https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/womens_work

Zonis, K. (2021, November 16). The Book-Cover Designs of Alice C. Morse | Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum. Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum. https://www.cooperhewitt.org/2014/03/26/the-book-cover-designs-of-alice-c-morse/

If it seems like the underground comix scene was a raucous and raunchy boys club, that’s fairly accurate. However, there were plenty of women artists who reacted against the sexist depictions of women in comix, of which there was plenty. Their complaints about how women were being portrayed was seen to be just more censorship heaped on the male comix artists. Rather than just be quiet and go away, women like Trina Robbins, Willy Mendes, Linda Barry, Mary Fleener, and many others started drawing, bringing their own voices into the underground comix scene. Their experience in comix wasn’t all smooth sailing either. The women creating comix also insisted on absolute artistic freedom and the space to explore difficult topics, but it came at a price just like it did for the male comix artists. Undercover police, raids, and lawsuits while not necessarily the norm, seemed to be always looming. While some comix titles managed to run longer than others, the heyday of comix was all but over by the mid 1970s. However, the influence of underground comix is evident in the comics and graphic novels being published today that are willing to have serious discussions about equally serious topics.

1880s  – Comics began publication in American newspapers 
1895   – The Yellow Kid by Richard Outcault first published
1914   – Krazy Kat by Geroge Herriman first published 
1920s   – Tijuana Bibles began to be published 
1930s   – Comic book began in America 
1931   – Alice Schenker (born Alice Olsen) born in Racine, WI 
1933   – Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster created Superman
1936-1939   – The comic magazine format became popular
1936  – Victor Moscoso born in Spain 
1937  – Frank Stack born in Houston, TX
1938  – Gary Arlington born in San Jose, CA 
1938  – Trina Robbins born in Brooklyn, NY 
1939   – “She Saw The World’s Fair” published by Wesley Morse 
1939   – Harvey Pekar born in Cleveland, OH 
1939  – Richard “Grass” Green born in Fort Wayne, IN
1940-1950s   – Comic burnings became common in America 
1940  – Gilbert Shelton born in Houston, TX 
1940  – Manuel “Spain” Reodriguez born in Buffalo, NY 
1941  – Vaughn Bodé born in Utica, NY 
1941  – S. Clay Wilson (Steven Clay Wilson) born in Lincoln, Nebraska 
1941  – Jack “Jaxon” Jackson born in Texas 
1942   – Rand Holmes born in Nova Scotia 
1942  – Dan O’Neil born 
1943   – Joel Beck born in Ross, CA 
1943  – Robert Williaams born in Los Angeles, CA 
1944   – George Herriman dies 
1944  – Howard Cruse is born in Birmingham, AL 
1943  – Robert Crumb born in Philadelphia, PA 
1944  – Rick Griffin born in California 
1944   – Bill Griffith born 
1944   – Kim Deitch born in Los Angeles, CA 
1944   – Max Gaines establishes Educational Comics
1944   – Mervyn “Skip” Williamson born in San Antonio, TX 
1945  – Lee Mars born 
1947   – Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster sued in NY Supreme Court to regain their rights to Superman; they lose the case and their jobs at DC Comics
1947   – Jay Lynch born in Orange, NJ 
1947   – Max Gaines dies in a boat crash; son William Gaines takes over EC Comics
1948   – Art Spiegelman born in Stockholm, Sweden 
1948  – Barbara “Willy” Mendes born 
1948  – Aline Kominsky-Crumb born in Long Beach, NY
1949  – Marry Wings born Mary Geller in Chicago, IL 
1950s   – Student Press Movement starts 
1950   – Educational Comics becomes Entertaining Comics under William Gaines 
1950  – Gary Panter born in Durant, OK 
1951  – Mary Fleener born
1952-1956   – Harvey Kurtzman is the editor of MAD Magazine 
1953  – Roberta Gregory born in Los Angeles, CA 
1954   – “Seduction of the Innocent” by psychiatrist Frederick Werthan published  
1954   – Comics Code Authority established 
1954  – Victor Moscoso starts at Cooper Union Art School in Manhattan 
1955   – William Gaines starts humor magazine, MAD Magazine 
1955  – Charles Burns born 
1956   – After being cited by the CCA, EC comics diverts resources to new title MAD Magazine 
1956  – Ralph Bakshi starts animating at Terrytoons 
1956   – Alice and Don Schenker marry 
1956  – Lynda Barry born in Richland Center, WI 
1957   – Harvey Kurtzmaan’s Trump magazine published
1957  – Peter Baagge born in New York 
1957-1960  – Spain Rodriguez studies at Silvermine Guild School of Art in New Canaan, CT 
1958   – Moe Moskowitz moves to Bay Are and opens bookstore 
1958  – Robert Crumb and his brother Charles publish satire magazine “Foo” 
1958-1962   – Frank Stack and Gilbert Shelton edit University of Texas at Austin’s newspaper, The Texas Ranger  
1959  – Victor Moscoso moves to San Francisco, CA 
1960s   – Underground comix movement started 
1960   – MAD Magazine had circulation of 1.4 million 
1960  – Rick Griffin met filmmaker John Severson at screening of Surf Fever movie 
1960   – Harvey Kurtzman starts Help! Magazine 
1960  – Phoebe Gloeckner born in Philadelphia, PA 
1960  – Alison Bechdel born in Beech Creek, PA 
1961   – Skip Williamson sells first comic to Help! Magazine 
1961  – Daniel Clowes born in Chicaago, IL 
1963   – In mainstream comics, Dell, DC and Marvel were the major publishers 
1963  – Rick Griffin starts working at Surfer Magazine as a cartoonist, debuting “Murphy” 
1963  – Rick Griffin is seriously injured as a passenger in a drunk driving accident 
1963  – Spain Rodriguez starts work at the Western Electric Company Plant
1963   – Jay Lynch moves to Chicago to become a cartoonist 
1956   – America gets involved in the Vietnam War 
1963   – March On Washington 
1963   – President John F. Kennedy assassinated 
1963  – Betty Friedan’s “The Feminine Mystique” is published
1964   – Jack “Jaxon” Jackson publishes “God Nose” 
1964  – After being promoted to director of cartoons at Terrytown, Ralph Bakshi left to run animation at Paramount Pictures 
1962   – Frank Stack  publishes “The Adventures of Jesus” 
1962   – Harvey Pekar and Robert Crumb meet in Cleveland, OH and become friends and collaborators 
1965   – Birth of the Underground Press 
1965  – Rick Griffin picks up “Murphy” comics in Surfer after a pause 
1965   – Schenkers launch Print Mint inside of Moskowitz’s bookstore 
1965  – Spain Rodriguez spends summer in NYC creating cartoons for The Militant paper and joined anarchist group Resurgence Youth Movement 
1965  – Robert Williams starts working as Art Director for Ed “Big Daddy” Roth 
1965  – Robert Crumb starts taking LSD 
1965  – Julie Doucet born in Saint-Lambert Quebec, Canada 
1965-1966   – Mario Savia’s Free Speech Movement impacts Berkely’s campus 
1966  – After graduating from San Francisco Art Institute, Victor Moscoso joins faculty 
1966   – Art Spiegelman is Topps Bubblegum’s star artist 
1966  – Spain Rodriguez has his first cover in paper East Village Other 
1966  – Trina Robbins moved back to NYC from LA and worked for East Village Other as advisor and illustrator 
1966  – Rick Griffin joins Jook Savages and designs posters for their art shows in San Francisco
1966   – Kim Deitch moves to NYC and gets “Sunshine Girl” published in The East Village Other 
1966   – Joel Beck publishes “Lenny of Laredo”, “Marching Marvin” and “The Profit” 
1966   – Print Mint publishes their first comix, a reprint of Beck’s “Lenny of Laredo” 
1966  – NOW, of the National Organization for Women, was formed 
1966   – Underground Press Syndicate established by East Village Other editor Walter Bowart 
1966   – Weekly & monthly underground papers regularly publish Underground Comix 
1967  – Robert Crumb leaves Cleveland, OH, his job at Americana Greetings, and wife Dana to move to San Francisco, CA 
1967  – Gilbert Shelton’s “Wonder Wart Hog” published by Pete Millar 
1967  – Victor Moscoso and RIck Griffin begin to collaborate on posters and Zap Comics covers 
1967  – Rick Griffin commissioned for “Pow-Wow, a Gathering of the Tribes for a Human Be-In” held in Golden Gate Park’s polo grounds 
1967  – Art Spiegelman comes up with the idea for Wacky Packs working for Topps Bubblegum 
1967  – “Summer of Love” takes place in San Francisco for 9 months 
1967   – Bijou Funnies, initially The Chicago Mirror, founded by Skip WIlliamson and Jay Lynch in Chigaco, IL 
1967   – Art Spiegelman moves to San Francisco, CA 
1967  – “Cavalier” Magazine serializes Robert Crumb’s “Fritz the Cat” 
1967  – First drawings of Gilbert Shelton’s The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers appear on a flier for short student film “The Texas Hippies March on the Capitol” 
1967-1973   – Jay Lynch’s “‘Nard ‘n’ Pat” comic publication years 
1968   – Rand Holmes moves to Vancouver, Canada and works for Georgia Straight a weekly underground tabloid and starts “The Adventures of Harold Hedd” 
1968  – S. Clay Wilson moves to San Francisco and becomes friends with Robert Crumb, starts to contribute to Zap Comics 
1968  – First issue of Zap Comix by Robert Crumb released
1968  – “Keep on Truckin’” one page comix published in Zap Comix by Robert Crumb 
1968  – Robert Crumb sends for his wife Dana to join him in San Francisco 
1968  – Robert Crumb first sees S. Clay Wilson’s comix work 
1968  – Gary Arlington opens his comic book store in the Mission District in San Francisco, CA 
1968  – Spain Rodriguez’s cover for Feb 2nd issue of East Village Other creates legal issues over depiction of a sexual act 
1968   – Robert Crumb publishes “Zap” 
1968   – Skip Williamson’s “Snappy Sammy Smoot (1968-1996) makes its debut in Bijou Funnies 
1968  – Robert William’s controversial painting “Appetite for Destruction” is used as album art for the Guns ‘N’ Roses album of the same name 
1968  – “Yellow Dog” comix anthology started by Joel Beck and John Thompson 
1968-1973   – Skip Williamson’s Sammy Smoot character is played by Carl Reiner on the comedy TV show “Rowan and Martin’s Laugh-In” 
1968-1975   – Considered the boom years of Underground Comix 
1968   – Apex Novelties ran by Don Donaahue starts publishing comix 
1968  – US Government outlaws LSD 
1968  – Robert Crumb starts “Snatch Comix” published by Apex Novelties 
1969   – Neil Armstrong lands on the moon
1969-1970  – “Odd Bodkins” by Dan O’Neil is published in the San Francisco Oracle 
1969  – Whitney Museum Exhibition “Human Concern/Personal Torment: The Grotesque in American Art” showed some of Robert Crumb’s work 
1969  – Roger Brand at the first comic convention panel for Underground Comix artists, declined to invite Trina Robbins 
1969   – Rip Off Press founded by Gilbert Shelton, Jack “Jaxon” Jackson, Dave Moriarty and Fred Todd 
1969   – Kim Deitch and Trinaa Robbins start dating 
1969  – Bill Griffith and Jay Kinney meet and start idea for “Young Lust” 
1969   – Vaughn Bode briefly edits “Gothic Blimp Works”; Kim Deitch begins to edit “Gothic Blimp Works” 
1969  – Print Mint is raided by police over “Zap Comix” fourth issue (featured “Joe Blow” incest comic by Robert Crumb) 
1969  – Schenkers arrested over violation of California Penal Code Section 311.2 (illegal distribution of pornography) due to publishing “Zap Comics” fourth issue 
1969  – S. Clay Wilson contributes to “Jiz Comics” under pseudonym Howard Crankwood 
1970s   – Graphic Novel format began
1970s  –Jack “Jaxon” Jackson creates historical narrative comix like “Comanche Moon”, “Los Tejanos”
1970  – Ed “Big Daddy” Roth’s shop closes and Robert Williams ends his tenure as Art Director 
1970  – Chris Kirkpatrick, owner of New Yorker Book Store that sold Zap Comix, convicted 
1970   – Bill Griffith moves to San Francisco, CA
1970  – Trina Robbins and Kim Deitch’s daughter Casey born 
1970  – “It Ain’t Me Babe” the first women’s liberation newspaper, was published in Berkley 
1970   – Kitchen Sink Press ran by Denis Kitchen founded 
1970  – “Skull” published by Rip Off Press 
1970  – Many Underground Comix artists met and created The Cartoon Workers Union
1970  – Robert William released collected “Coochy Cooty Men’s Comics” published by Print Mint 
1970   – Last Gasp Eco Funnies ran by Ron Turner founded 
1970  – “Young Lust” by Bill Griffith and Jaay Kinney published by Company & Sons 
1970  – Robert Crumb meets with Ralph Bakshi and Steve Kraantz about making a movie out of his popular character Fritz the Cat  
1970  – “Abortion Eve” comic produced by Joyce Farmer and Lyn Chevely 
1970  – Spain Rodriguez releases “Zodiac Mindwarp” (East Village Other) and “Subert” (Rip Off Press) 
1970  – Kim Deitch and Trina Robbins end their relationship
1971  – Gilbert Shelton’s Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers first released
1971  – Roberta Gregory attend CSU Long Beach and contributes “Feminist Funnies” to their newspaper 
1971  – S. Clay Wilson contributes to “Bent” (Print Mint) 
1971  – Aline Kominsky-Crumb grates with degree in fine art from University of Arizona 
1971  – “Ms Magazine” founded by Gloria Steinem and art directed by Bea Feitler 
1971   – Bill Griffith’s “Zippy the Pinhead” debuts in Real Pulp Comics #1 by Print Mint 
1971  – Dan O’Neil and the Air Pirates (Bobby London, Shary Flenniken, Gary Hallgren, and Ted Richards) create “Air Pirate Funnies” published by Last Gasp 
1971  – Lee Marr’s “Pudge” & “Girl Blimp” published 
1971  – Roberta Gregory sells her first comic to “Wimmen’s Comix” 
1971  – Disney filed suit in Northern District of California against the comic artists from the “Air Pirate Funnies” 
1971   – Rip Off Press moves from Mowry’s Opera House to 17th Street 
1971   – After moving back to NYC, Art Spiegelman once again returns to San Francisco, CA
1972   – “The Adventures of Harold Hedd” released in first collected volume, the second volume out the following year
1972  – “Tits ‘n’ Clits” All women comix anthology by Joyce Farmer and Lyn Chevely published first issue (Nanny Goat Productions) 
1972  – Aline Kominsky-Crumb has comix debut in “Wimmen’s Comix” #1 with “Goldie a Neurotic Woman” 
1972  – Robert Crumb and Aline Kominsky-Crumb meet at a San Francisco party 
1972  – “Fritz the Cat” movie directed by Ralph Bakshi released 
1972  – 2 all women’s comix anthologies started “Wimmen’s Comix” (Trina Robbins, Last Gasp) and “Tit’s &  Clits” (Joyce Farmer and Lyn Chevelyl, Nanny Goat Productions)
1972  – Disney granted it’s injunction against Dan O’Neil and the other comic artists from “Air Pirate Funnies”; found guilty of copyright infringement and trade disparagement 
1972  – “Bizzare Sex” started published by Denis Kitchen of Kitchen Sink Press 
1972  – Print Mint hits 1 million issues of “Zap Comix” sold 
1973   – Rand Holmes travels to San Francisco, CA to get the second volume of “The Adventures of Harold Hedd” published by Last Gasp 
1973  – Bill Griffith’s “A Sour Look at the Comix Scene, or Out of the Inkwell and Into the Toilet” runs in The San Francisco Phoenix 
1973  – Undercover cop buys first issue of “Tits ‘n’ Clits” at San Francisco Bookstore Fahrenheit 451; owners charged with selling pornography and Farmer and Cheverly are forced to hide from law enforcement for 2 years 
1973  – Aline Kominsky-Crumb moves onto Robert Crumb’s farm property as his girlfriend 
1973  – “Come Out Comix” by Mary Wings self-published 
1973  –  Year of the Crash of Comix 
1973  – Rick Griffin is a born again Christian 
1973  – Gilbert Shelton’s The Fabulous Furry Freak Brother’s comics had sold 400,000 copies; eventually selling 45 million copies to date in 16 different languages 
1972   – Haavery Pekar’s first story “Brilliant American Maniacs Series No. 1 Crazy Ed” published in “People’s Comics” with art by Robert Crumb 
1972   – Justin Green publishes “Binky Brown Meets the Holy Virgin Mary” 
1972   – Art Spiegelman publishes first 3 pages of Maus 
1973  –Supreme Court’s  Miller v. California decision  rules that vendors can be jailed and retroactively fined for selling obscene materials, cannot plead ignorance to contents 
1974   – Jay Lynch has a one week tenure as editor at Hustler Magazine
1974  – Lynda Barry attends Evergreen State College in Olympia, WA 
1974   – Art Spiegelman self publishes “Ace Hole” and “Midget Detective” 
1974  – Marvel releases “Comix Book” 
1974  – S. Clay Wilson contributes to “Pork” (Co-Op Press) 
1974  – “The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat” directed by Ralph Bakshi released 
1975   – The Schenkers working partnership with Bob and Peggy Rita dissolves and Print Mint slows down production and distribution 
1975  – “Felch Comics” by Keith Green
1975  – Vietnam War ends, American troops withdraw from Saigon 
1975  – Victor Moscoso starts attending Yale 
1975  – Bill Griffith and Art Spiegelman create “Arcade” comix anthology 
1975   –  Vaughn Bodé dies at age 33 
1976   – Harvey Pekar self publishes “How I Quit Collecting Records and Put Out a Comic Book with the Money I Saved” with art by Robert Crumb 
1976  – “Wet Satin” erotic satirical all-women’s comics anthology published by Kitchen Sink Press 
1976  – Aline Kominsky-Crumb moves off of the Crumb farm commune 
1976  – Mary Wing’s “Dyke Shorts” is self-published 
1976  – Roberta Gregory creates “Dynamite Damsels” (Self-published) 
1976  – Copyright Act becomes law 
1976  – Lee Marrs “The Further Fattening Adventures of Pudge, Girl Blimp” featured the first openly bisexual character in comics 
1967  – Larry Fuller creates “Gay Heartthrobs” 
1976   – Harvey Pekar’s “American Splendor #1” published 
1976  – Aline Kominsky-Crumb and Diane Noomin start “Twisted Sisters” 
1976-1077  – Punk scene emerges
1971  – Howard Cruse’s “Barefootz” first published 
1977   – Kitchen Sink Press reprints Joel Becks comics under title “Joel Beck’s Comics & Stories” 
1977  – Gary Panter moves to Los Angeles, CA 
1977  – S. Clay Wilson releases comix with his most popular character “The Checkered Demon” (Last Gasp) 
1977  – Gilbert Shelton’s character Fat Freddy’s cat from “The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers” gets its own spin off comic 
1977  – Robert Crumb divorces Dana
1978  – Gilbert Shelton moves to San Francisco, CA from Austin, TX 
1978  – First graphic novel “A Contract With God” by Will Eisner is published by Baronet Press 
1978  – Dan O’Neils appeal in the case of Dismney and the Air Pirates does not rule in O’Neil’s favor 
1978  – Gilbert Shelton makes “Shakedown Street” album cover for The Grateful Dead 
1978  – Paul Mavrides starts to collaborate on “The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers” 
1979  – Gilbert Shelton and wife/agent Lora move to Europe 
1979  – The Supreme Court declines to take Dan O’Neil’s appeal case against Disney 
1979  – Robert William publishes “The Lowbrow Art of Robt. Williams” 
1979  – Mary Wings creates drug awareness book “Are Your Highs Getting You Down?” with a California Arts Council Grant 
1979  – Denis Kitchen approaches Howaard Cruse about making “Gay Comix”
1979  – Rip Off Press ends
1979  – Art Spiegelman starts to teach at the School of Visual Arts in NY
1980  – First issue of “Gay Comix” (Kitchen SInk Press) released, edited by Howard Cruse 
1980  – “Raw” comics anthology created by Art Spiegelman and Francoise Mouly 
1980-1991   – Maus: A Survivor’s Tale by Art Spiegelman serialized 
1981  – “Wimmen’s Comix” takes a 6 year hiatus 
1981  – Daniel Clowes and his friends create “Psycho Comics” 
1981  – Robert Crumb starts comix magazine “Weirdo” published by Last Gasp 
1981  – Robert Crumb and Aline Kominsky-Crumb’s daughter Sophie is born; they move to Southern France
1982  – Last issue of “Bizzare Sex” released 
1982  – Gilbert and Jamie Hernandez create “Love and Rockets” published by Fantagraphics 
1983  – “Dykes to Watch Out For” by Alison Bechdel first published 
1984  – Mary Fleener self publishes her first comic “Hoodoo” 
1984  – Robert Crumb passes editorship of “Weirdo” to Peter Bagge 
1985   – Print Mint, since renamed Reprint Mint, is sold by the Schenkers 
1985  – Mary Wings “She Came Too Late” lesbian detective novel published 
1985  – Topps Bubbglegum starts Garbage Pail Kids cards 
1986   – Doubleday publishes the first of it’s two collected volumes of Harvye Pekar’s “American Splendor” with the next coming out the following year 
1986  – Jack “Jaxon” Jackson publishes “Illustrated History of Ranching in Texas” 
1986  – Peter Bagge resigns as editor at “Weirdo”; Aline Kominsky-Crumb takes over 
1987  – Robert Crumb and Aline Kominsky-Crumb marry 
1988  – “Dirty Plotte” by Julie Doucet was first self-published 
1988  – Roberta Gregory self publishes “Winging It” and “Sheila and the Unicorn” 
1989   – Jack “Jaxon” Jackon publishes “Rip Off Pres: The Golden Era #21” 
1989  – Daniel Clowes first issue of “Eightball” 
1989  – Roberta Gregory moves to Seattle and begins to work at Fantagraphics Books 
1990   – Art Spiegelman receives a Guggenheim Fellowship to work on Maus’ second volume 
1990  – Peter Bagge first publishes “Hate” (Fantagraaphics) 
1991   – American Splendor’s once a year regular release stops with issue fifteen 
1991  – Rick Griffin dies after motorcycle accident 
1991  – Roberta Gregory’s “Naughty Bits” issue one self published 
1991  – “Dirty Plotte” published by Drawn & Quarterly 
1991  – Julie Doucet moves to NYC for one year and makes “My New York Diary” 
1992   – Maus: A Survivor’s Tale by Art Spiegelman wins a Pulitzer Prize 
1992  – “Wimmen’s Comix” publishes it’s last issue 
1993   – Don Schenkers dies
1994  – Robert Williams first published “Juxtapoz Arts & Culture” Magazine
1995  – “Stuck Rubber Baby” by Howard Cruse published 
1995  – “Black Hole” by Charles Burns first published by Fantagraphics 
1995  – “Crumb” documentary about Robert Crumb by Terry Zwigoff is released 
1996  – Mary Fleener’s “Life of the Party” released  
1998  – Jack “Jaxon” Jackson creates “Lost Cause” 
1999   – Joel Beck dies 
2001-2003  – Roberta Gregory’s popular character Bitchy Bitch from “Naughty Bits” starred in the animated cartoon “Life’s a Bitch” on Comedy Network (Canada) and Oxygen Network (US) 
2001  – Daniel Clowes “Eightball” story “Ghost World” is made into a movie of the same name 
2002   – Rand Holmes dies 
2002  – Phoebe Gloeckner’s “The Diary of a Teenage Girl” published by Frog Books 
2003   – “American Splendor” the award winning movie about Harvey Pekar’s life starring Paul Giamatti is released 
2005  – “Black Hole” by Charles Burns released as graphic novel by Fantagraphics 
2006  –Jack “Jaxon” Jackson dies 
2006  – “Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic” by Alison Bechdel published 
2010   – Harvey Pekar dies 
2015  – “Fun Home” the Broadway Musical wins a Tony for best musical 
2015  – “The Diary of a Teenage Girl” by Phoebe Glockner made into a movie with the same name 
2017   – Skip Williamson and Jay Lynch die within a week and a half of each other 
2019  – Howard Cruse dies 
2020   – Alice Schnker dies 
2021  – Streaming channel Tubi releases 8 episode show “The Freak Brothers” based on Gilbert Shelton’s “The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers” 
2021  – Spain Rodriguez dies 
2021  – S. Clay Wilson dies 
2022  – Aline Kominsky-Crumb dies 

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Comix, spelled with an x at the end instead of c, is a uniquely American movement and brings to mind eccentric, explicit, and subversive comics aimed at an adult audience. Having roots in the explicit Tijuana Bibles of the 1920, the lurid horror comics produced by EC, and the later wackiness of MAD Magazine, Comix creators defied censorship laws and American moral standards to create their unique artistic visions and thrived as a part of the Counterculture movement of the 1960s. In some respects, comix were a reaction against what the artists saw as the over-sanitized mainstream comics that did nothing innovative or interesting. While comix creators came from all over the US, the hotbed for comix innovation happened in San Francisco. Many cite the first issue of Robert Crumb’s anthology “Zap” as the birth of underground comix as a movement and the number of comix grew rapidly after that. The complete artistic freedom comix artists insisted on came at a price as they pushed up against censorship with their themes of sexism, racism, violence, and questionable morality. Comix artists, publishers and the shops selling comix titles faced police raids and lawsuits, some of which lasted for years. Pushing up against censorship (and good taste) comix proved that comics could be more than just superheroes saving the day.

1880s  – Comics began publication in American newspapers 
1895   – The Yellow Kid by Richard Outcault first published
1914   – Krazy Kat by Geroge Herriman first published 
1920s   – Tijuana Bibles began to be published 
1930s   – Comic book began in America 
1931   – Alice Schenker (born Alice Olsen) born in Racine, WI 
1933   – Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster created Superman
1936-1939   – The comic magazine format became popular
1936  – Victor Moscoso born in Spain 
1937  – Frank Stack born in Houston, TX
1938  – Gary Arlington born in San Jose, CA 
1938  – Trina Robbins born in Brooklyn, NY 
1939   – “She Saw The World’s Fair” published by Wesley Morse 
1939   – Harvey Pekar born in Cleveland, OH 
1939  – Richard “Grass” Green born in Fort Wayne, IN
1940-1950s   – Comic burnings became common in America 
1940  – Gilbert Shelton born in Houston, TX 
1940  – Manuel “Spain” Reodriguez born in Buffalo, NY 
1941  – Vaughn Bodé born in Utica, NY 
1941  – S. Clay Wilson (Steven Clay Wilson) born in Lincoln, Nebraska 
1941  – Jack “Jaxon” Jackson born in Texas 
1942   – Rand Holmes born in Nova Scotia 
1942  – Dan O’Neil born 
1943   – Joel Beck born in Ross, CA 
1943  – Robert Williaams born in Los Angeles, CA 
1944   – George Herriman dies 
1944  – Howard Cruse is born in Birmingham, AL 
1943  – Robert Crumb born in Philadelphia, PA 
1944  – Rick Griffin born in California 
1944   – Bill Griffith born 
1944   – Kim Deitch born in Los Angeles, CA 
1944   – Max Gaines establishes Educational Comics
1944   – Mervyn “Skip” Williamson born in San Antonio, TX 
1945  – Lee Mars born 
1947   – Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster sued in NY Supreme Court to regain their rights to Superman; they lose the case and their jobs at DC Comics
1947   – Jay Lynch born in Orange, NJ 
1947   – Max Gaines dies in a boat crash; son William Gaines takes over EC Comics
1948   – Art Spiegelman born in Stockholm, Sweden 
1948  – Barbara “Willy” Mendes born 
1948  – Aline Kominsky-Crumb born in Long Beach, NY
1949  – Marry Wings born Mary Geller in Chicago, IL 
1950s   – Student Press Movement starts 
1950   – Educational Comics becomes Entertaining Comics under William Gaines 
1950  – Gary Panter born in Durant, OK 
1951  – Mary Fleener born
1952-1956   – Harvey Kurtzman is the editor of MAD Magazine 
1953  – Roberta Gregory born in Los Angeles, CA 
1954   – “Seduction of the Innocent” by psychiatrist Frederick Werthan published  
1954   – Comics Code Authority established 
1954  – Victor Moscoso starts at Cooper Union Art School in Manhattan 
1955   – William Gaines starts humor magazine, MAD Magazine 
1955  – Charles Burns born 
1956   – After being cited by the CCA, EC comics diverts resources to new title MAD Magazine 
1956  – Ralph Bakshi starts animating at Terrytoons 
1956   – Alice and Don Schenker marry 
1956  – Lynda Barry born in Richland Center, WI 
1957   – Harvey Kurtzmaan’s Trump magazine published
1957  – Peter Baagge born in New York 
1957-1960  – Spain Rodriguez studies at Silvermine Guild School of Art in New Canaan, CT 
1958   – Moe Moskowitz moves to Bay Are and opens bookstore 
1958  – Robert Crumb and his brother Charles publish satire magazine “Foo” 
1958-1962   – Frank Stack and Gilbert Shelton edit University of Texas at Austin’s newspaper, The Texas Ranger  
1959  – Victor Moscoso moves to San Francisco, CA 
1960s   – Underground comix movement started 
1960   – MAD Magazine had circulation of 1.4 million 
1960  – Rick Griffin met filmmaker John Severson at screening of Surf Fever movie 
1960   – Harvey Kurtzman starts Help! Magazine 
1960  – Phoebe Gloeckner born in Philadelphia, PA 
1960  – Alison Bechdel born in Beech Creek, PA 
1961   – Skip Williamson sells first comic to Help! Magazine 
1961  – Daniel Clowes born in Chicaago, IL 
1963   – In mainstream comics, Dell, DC and Marvel were the major publishers 
1963  – Rick Griffin starts working at Surfer Magazine as a cartoonist, debuting “Murphy” 
1963  – Rick Griffin is seriously injured as a passenger in a drunk driving accident 
1963  – Spain Rodriguez starts work at the Western Electric Company Plant
1963   – Jay Lynch moves to Chicago to become a cartoonist 
1956   – America gets involved in the Vietnam War 
1963   – March On Washington 
1963   – President John F. Kennedy assassinated 
1963  – Betty Friedan’s “The Feminine Mystique” is published
1964   – Jack “Jaxon” Jackson publishes “God Nose” 
1964  – After being promoted to director of cartoons at Terrytown, Ralph Bakshi left to run animation at Paramount Pictures 
1962   – Frank Stack  publishes “The Adventures of Jesus” 
1962   – Harvey Pekar and Robert Crumb meet in Cleveland, OH and become friends and collaborators 
1965   – Birth of the Underground Press 
1965  – Rick Griffin picks up “Murphy” comics in Surfer after a pause 
1965   – Schenkers launch Print Mint inside of Moskowitz’s bookstore 
1965  – Spain Rodriguez spends summer in NYC creating cartoons for The Militant paper and joined anarchist group Resurgence Youth Movement 
1965  – Robert Williams starts working as Art Director for Ed “Big Daddy” Roth 
1965  – Robert Crumb starts taking LSD 
1965  – Julie Doucet born in Saint-Lambert Quebec, Canada 
1965-1966   – Mario Savia’s Free Speech Movement impacts Berkely’s campus 
1966  – After graduating from San Francisco Art Institute, Victor Moscoso joins faculty 
1966   – Art Spiegelman is Topps Bubblegum’s star artist 
1966  – Spain Rodriguez has his first cover in paper East Village Other 
1966  – Trina Robbins moved back to NYC from LA and worked for East Village Other as advisor and illustrator 
1966  – Rick Griffin joins Jook Savages and designs posters for their art shows in San Francisco
1966   – Kim Deitch moves to NYC and gets “Sunshine Girl” published in The East Village Other 
1966   – Joel Beck publishes “Lenny of Laredo”, “Marching Marvin” and “The Profit” 
1966   – Print Mint publishes their first comix, a reprint of Beck’s “Lenny of Laredo” 
1966  – NOW, of the National Organization for Women, was formed 
1966   – Underground Press Syndicate established by East Village Other editor Walter Bowart 
1966   – Weekly & monthly underground papers regularly publish Underground Comix 
1967  – Robert Crumb leaves Cleveland, OH, his job at Americana Greetings, and wife Dana to move to San Francisco, CA 
1967  – Gilbert Shelton’s “Wonder Wart Hog” published by Pete Millar 
1967  – Victor Moscoso and RIck Griffin begin to collaborate on posters and Zap Comics covers 
1967  – Rick Griffin commissioned for “Pow-Wow, a Gathering of the Tribes for a Human Be-In” held in Golden Gate Park’s polo grounds 
1967  – Art Spiegelman comes up with the idea for Wacky Packs working for Topps Bubblegum 
1967  – “Summer of Love” takes place in San Francisco for 9 months 
1967   – Bijou Funnies, initially The Chicago Mirror, founded by Skip WIlliamson and Jay Lynch in Chigaco, IL 
1967   – Art Spiegelman moves to San Francisco, CA 
1967  – “Cavalier” Magazine serializes Robert Crumb’s “Fritz the Cat” 
1967  – First drawings of Gilbert Shelton’s The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers appear on a flier for short student film “The Texas Hippies March on the Capitol” 
1967-1973   – Jay Lynch’s “‘Nard ‘n’ Pat” comic publication years 
1968   – Rand Holmes moves to Vancouver, Canada and works for Georgia Straight a weekly underground tabloid and starts “The Adventures of Harold Hedd” 
1968  – S. Clay Wilson moves to San Francisco and becomes friends with Robert Crumb, starts to contribute to Zap Comics 
1968  – First issue of Zap Comix by Robert Crumb released
1968  – “Keep on Truckin’” one page comix published in Zap Comix by Robert Crumb 
1968  – Robert Crumb sends for his wife Dana to join him in San Francisco 
1968  – Robert Crumb first sees S. Clay Wilson’s comix work 
1968  – Gary Arlington opens his comic book store in the Mission District in San Francisco, CA 
1968  – Spain Rodriguez’s cover for Feb 2nd issue of East Village Other creates legal issues over depiction of a sexual act 
1968   – Robert Crumb publishes “Zap” 
1968   – Skip Williamson’s “Snappy Sammy Smoot (1968-1996) makes its debut in Bijou Funnies 
1968  – Robert William’s controversial painting “Appetite for Destruction” is used as album art for the Guns ‘N’ Roses album of the same name 
1968  – “Yellow Dog” comix anthology started by Joel Beck and John Thompson 
1968-1973   – Skip Williamson’s Sammy Smoot character is played by Carl Reiner on the comedy TV show “Rowan and Martin’s Laugh-In” 
1968-1975   – Considered the boom years of Underground Comix 
1968   – Apex Novelties ran by Don Donaahue starts publishing comix 
1968  – US Government outlaws LSD 
1968  – Robert Crumb starts “Snatch Comix” published by Apex Novelties 
1969   – Neil Armstrong lands on the moon
1969-1970  – “Odd Bodkins” by Dan O’Neil is published in the San Francisco Oracle 
1969  – Whitney Museum Exhibition “Human Concern/Personal Torment: The Grotesque in American Art” showed some of Robert Crumb’s work 
1969  – Roger Brand at the first comic convention panel for Underground Comix artists, declined to invite Trina Robbins 
1969   – Rip Off Press founded by Gilbert Shelton, Jack “Jaxon” Jackson, Dave Moriarty and Fred Todd 
1969   – Kim Deitch and Trinaa Robbins start dating 
1969  – Bill Griffith and Jay Kinney meet and start idea for “Young Lust” 
1969   – Vaughn Bode briefly edits “Gothic Blimp Works”; Kim Deitch begins to edit “Gothic Blimp Works” 
1969  – Print Mint is raided by police over “Zap Comix” fourth issue (featured “Joe Blow” incest comic by Robert Crumb) 
1969  – Schenkers arrested over violation of California Penal Code Section 311.2 (illegal distribution of pornography) due to publishing “Zap Comics” fourth issue 
1969  – S. Clay Wilson contributes to “Jiz Comics” under pseudonym Howard Crankwood 
1970s   – Graphic Novel format began
1970s  –Jack “Jaxon” Jackson creates historical narrative comix like “Comanche Moon”, “Los Tejanos”
1970  – Ed “Big Daddy” Roth’s shop closes and Robert Williams ends his tenure as Art Director 
1970  – Chris Kirkpatrick, owner of New Yorker Book Store that sold Zap Comix, convicted 
1970   – Bill Griffith moves to San Francisco, CA
1970  – Trina Robbins and Kim Deitch’s daughter Casey born 
1970  – “It Ain’t Me Babe” the first women’s liberation newspaper, was published in Berkley 
1970   – Kitchen Sink Press ran by Denis Kitchen founded 
1970  – “Skull” published by Rip Off Press 
1970  – Many Underground Comix artists met and created The Cartoon Workers Union
1970  – Robert William released collected “Coochy Cooty Men’s Comics” published by Print Mint 
1970   – Last Gasp Eco Funnies ran by Ron Turner founded 
1970  – “Young Lust” by Bill Griffith and Jaay Kinney published by Company & Sons 
1970  – Robert Crumb meets with Ralph Bakshi and Steve Kraantz about making a movie out of his popular character Fritz the Cat  
1970  – “Abortion Eve” comic produced by Joyce Farmer and Lyn Chevely 
1970  – Spain Rodriguez releases “Zodiac Mindwarp” (East Village Other) and “Subert” (Rip Off Press) 
1970  – Kim Deitch and Trina Robbins end their relationship
1971  – Gilbert Shelton’s Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers first released
1971  – Roberta Gregory attend CSU Long Beach and contributes “Feminist Funnies” to their newspaper 
1971  – S. Clay Wilson contributes to “Bent” (Print Mint) 
1971  – Aline Kominsky-Crumb grates with degree in fine art from University of Arizona 
1971  – “Ms Magazine” founded by Gloria Steinem and art directed by Bea Feitler 
1971   – Bill Griffith’s “Zippy the Pinhead” debuts in Real Pulp Comics #1 by Print Mint 
1971  – Dan O’Neil and the Air Pirates (Bobby London, Shary Flenniken, Gary Hallgren, and Ted Richards) create “Air Pirate Funnies” published by Last Gasp 
1971  – Lee Marr’s “Pudge” & “Girl Blimp” published 
1971  – Roberta Gregory sells her first comic to “Wimmen’s Comix” 
1971  – Disney filed suit in Northern District of California against the comic artists from the “Air Pirate Funnies” 
1971   – Rip Off Press moves from Mowry’s Opera House to 17th Street 
1971   – After moving back to NYC, Art Spiegelman once again returns to San Francisco, CA
1972   – “The Adventures of Harold Hedd” released in first collected volume, the second volume out the following year
1972  – “Tits ‘n’ Clits” All women comix anthology by Joyce Farmer and Lyn Chevely published first issue (Nanny Goat Productions) 
1972  – Aline Kominsky-Crumb has comix debut in “Wimmen’s Comix” #1 with “Goldie a Neurotic Woman” 
1972  – Robert Crumb and Aline Kominsky-Crumb meet at a San Francisco party 
1972  – “Fritz the Cat” movie directed by Ralph Bakshi released 
1972  – 2 all women’s comix anthologies started “Wimmen’s Comix” (Trina Robbins, Last Gasp) and “Tit’s &  Clits” (Joyce Farmer and Lyn Chevelyl, Nanny Goat Productions)
1972  – Disney granted it’s injunction against Dan O’Neil and the other comic artists from “Air Pirate Funnies”; found guilty of copyright infringement and trade disparagement 
1972  – “Bizzare Sex” started published by Denis Kitchen of Kitchen Sink Press 
1972  – Print Mint hits 1 million issues of “Zap Comix” sold 
1973   – Rand Holmes travels to San Francisco, CA to get the second volume of “The Adventures of Harold Hedd” published by Last Gasp 
1973  – Bill Griffith’s “A Sour Look at the Comix Scene, or Out of the Inkwell and Into the Toilet” runs in The San Francisco Phoenix 
1973  – Undercover cop buys first issue of “Tits ‘n’ Clits” at San Francisco Bookstore Fahrenheit 451; owners charged with selling pornography and Farmer and Cheverly are forced to hide from law enforcement for 2 years 
1973  – Aline Kominsky-Crumb moves onto Robert Crumb’s farm property as his girlfriend 
1973  – “Come Out Comix” by Mary Wings self-published 
1973  –  Year of the Crash of Comix 
1973  – Rick Griffin is a born again Christian 
1973  – Gilbert Shelton’s The Fabulous Furry Freak Brother’s comics had sold 400,000 copies; eventually selling 45 million copies to date in 16 different languages 
1972   – Haavery Pekar’s first story “Brilliant American Maniacs Series No. 1 Crazy Ed” published in “People’s Comics” with art by Robert Crumb 
1972   – Justin Green publishes “Binky Brown Meets the Holy Virgin Mary” 
1972   – Art Spiegelman publishes first 3 pages of Maus 
1973  –Supreme Court’s  Miller v. California decision  rules that vendors can be jailed and retroactively fined for selling obscene materials, cannot plead ignorance to contents 
1974   – Jay Lynch has a one week tenure as editor at Hustler Magazine
1974  – Lynda Barry attends Evergreen State College in Olympia, WA 
1974   – Art Spiegelman self publishes “Ace Hole” and “Midget Detective” 
1974  – Marvel releases “Comix Book” 
1974  – S. Clay Wilson contributes to “Pork” (Co-Op Press) 
1974  – “The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat” directed by Ralph Bakshi released 
1975   – The Schenkers working partnership with Bob and Peggy Rita dissolves and Print Mint slows down production and distribution 
1975  – “Felch Comics” by Keith Green
1975  – Vietnam War ends, American troops withdraw from Saigon 
1975  – Victor Moscoso starts attending Yale 
1975  – Bill Griffith and Art Spiegelman create “Arcade” comix anthology 
1975   –  Vaughn Bodé dies at age 33 
1976   – Harvey Pekar self publishes “How I Quit Collecting Records and Put Out a Comic Book with the Money I Saved” with art by Robert Crumb 
1976  – “Wet Satin” erotic satirical all-women’s comics anthology published by Kitchen Sink Press 
1976  – Aline Kominsky-Crumb moves off of the Crumb farm commune 
1976  – Mary Wing’s “Dyke Shorts” is self-published 
1976  – Roberta Gregory creates “Dynamite Damsels” (Self-published) 
1976  – Copyright Act becomes law 
1976  – Lee Marrs “The Further Fattening Adventures of Pudge, Girl Blimp” featured the first openly bisexual character in comics 
1967  – Larry Fuller creates “Gay Heartthrobs” 
1976   – Harvey Pekar’s “American Splendor #1” published 
1976  – Aline Kominsky-Crumb and Diane Noomin start “Twisted Sisters” 
1976-1077  – Punk scene emerges
1971  – Howard Cruse’s “Barefootz” first published 
1977   – Kitchen Sink Press reprints Joel Becks comics under title “Joel Beck’s Comics & Stories” 
1977  – Gary Panter moves to Los Angeles, CA 
1977  – S. Clay Wilson releases comix with his most popular character “The Checkered Demon” (Last Gasp) 
1977  – Gilbert Shelton’s character Fat Freddy’s cat from “The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers” gets its own spin off comic 
1977  – Robert Crumb divorces Dana
1978  – Gilbert Shelton moves to San Francisco, CA from Austin, TX 
1978  – First graphic novel “A Contract With God” by Will Eisner is published by Baronet Press 
1978  – Dan O’Neils appeal in the case of Dismney and the Air Pirates does not rule in O’Neil’s favor 
1978  – Gilbert Shelton makes “Shakedown Street” album cover for The Grateful Dead 
1978  – Paul Mavrides starts to collaborate on “The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers” 
1979  – Gilbert Shelton and wife/agent Lora move to Europe 
1979  – The Supreme Court declines to take Dan O’Neil’s appeal case against Disney 
1979  – Robert William publishes “The Lowbrow Art of Robt. Williams” 
1979  – Mary Wings creates drug awareness book “Are Your Highs Getting You Down?” with a California Arts Council Grant 
1979  – Denis Kitchen approaches Howaard Cruse about making “Gay Comix”
1979  – Rip Off Press ends
1979  – Art Spiegelman starts to teach at the School of Visual Arts in NY
1980  – First issue of “Gay Comix” (Kitchen SInk Press) released, edited by Howard Cruse 
1980  – “Raw” comics anthology created by Art Spiegelman and Francoise Mouly 
1980-1991   – Maus: A Survivor’s Tale by Art Spiegelman serialized 
1981  – “Wimmen’s Comix” takes a 6 year hiatus 
1981  – Daniel Clowes and his friends create “Psycho Comics” 
1981  – Robert Crumb starts comix magazine “Weirdo” published by Last Gasp 
1981  – Robert Crumb and Aline Kominsky-Crumb’s daughter Sophie is born; they move to Southern France
1982  – Last issue of “Bizzare Sex” released 
1982  – Gilbert and Jamie Hernandez create “Love and Rockets” published by Fantagraphics 
1983  – “Dykes to Watch Out For” by Alison Bechdel first published 
1984  – Mary Fleener self publishes her first comic “Hoodoo” 
1984  – Robert Crumb passes editorship of “Weirdo” to Peter Bagge 
1985   – Print Mint, since renamed Reprint Mint, is sold by the Schenkers 
1985  – Mary Wings “She Came Too Late” lesbian detective novel published 
1985  – Topps Bubbglegum starts Garbage Pail Kids cards 
1986   – Doubleday publishes the first of it’s two collected volumes of Harvye Pekar’s “American Splendor” with the next coming out the following year 
1986  – Jack “Jaxon” Jackson publishes “Illustrated History of Ranching in Texas” 
1986  – Peter Bagge resigns as editor at “Weirdo”; Aline Kominsky-Crumb takes over 
1987  – Robert Crumb and Aline Kominsky-Crumb marry 
1988  – “Dirty Plotte” by Julie Doucet was first self-published 
1988  – Roberta Gregory self publishes “Winging It” and “Sheila and the Unicorn” 
1989   – Jack “Jaxon” Jackon publishes “Rip Off Pres: The Golden Era #21” 
1989  – Daniel Clowes first issue of “Eightball” 
1989  – Roberta Gregory moves to Seattle and begins to work at Fantagraphics Books 
1990   – Art Spiegelman receives a Guggenheim Fellowship to work on Maus’ second volume 
1990  – Peter Bagge first publishes “Hate” (Fantagraaphics) 
1991   – American Splendor’s once a year regular release stops with issue fifteen 
1991  – Rick Griffin dies after motorcycle accident 
1991  – Roberta Gregory’s “Naughty Bits” issue one self published 
1991  – “Dirty Plotte” published by Drawn & Quarterly 
1991  – Julie Doucet moves to NYC for one year and makes “My New York Diary” 
1992   – Maus: A Survivor’s Tale by Art Spiegelman wins a Pulitzer Prize 
1992  – “Wimmen’s Comix” publishes it’s last issue 
1993   – Don Schenkers dies
1994  – Robert Williams first published “Juxtapoz Arts & Culture” Magazine
1995  – “Stuck Rubber Baby” by Howard Cruse published 
1995  – “Black Hole” by Charles Burns first published by Fantagraphics 
1995  – “Crumb” documentary about Robert Crumb by Terry Zwigoff is released 
1996  – Mary Fleener’s “Life of the Party” released  
1998  – Jack “Jaxon” Jackson creates “Lost Cause” 
1999   – Joel Beck dies 
2001-2003  – Roberta Gregory’s popular character Bitchy Bitch from “Naughty Bits” starred in the animated cartoon “Life’s a Bitch” on Comedy Network (Canada) and Oxygen Network (US) 
2001  – Daniel Clowes “Eightball” story “Ghost World” is made into a movie of the same name 
2002   – Rand Holmes dies 
2002  – Phoebe Gloeckner’s “The Diary of a Teenage Girl” published by Frog Books 
2003   – “American Splendor” the award winning movie about Harvey Pekar’s life starring Paul Giamatti is released 
2005  – “Black Hole” by Charles Burns released as graphic novel by Fantagraphics 
2006  –Jack “Jaxon” Jackson dies 
2006  – “Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic” by Alison Bechdel published 
2010   – Harvey Pekar dies 
2015  – “Fun Home” the Broadway Musical wins a Tony for best musical 
2015  – “The Diary of a Teenage Girl” by Phoebe Glockner made into a movie with the same name 
2017   – Skip Williamson and Jay Lynch die within a week and a half of each other 
2019  – Howard Cruse dies 
2020   – Alice Schnker dies 
2021  – Streaming channel Tubi releases 8 episode show “The Freak Brothers” based on Gilbert Shelton’s “The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers” 
2021  – Spain Rodriguez dies 
2021  – S. Clay Wilson dies 
2022  – Aline Kominsky-Crumb dies 

About. Robert Williams Official Site. (2022). Retrieved December 27, 2022, from https://www.robtwilliamsstudio.com/about

Beat Staff. (2016, May 11). Interview: Roberta Gregory on Mother Mountain, wimmen's comix, & bitchy bitch. Comics Beat. Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://www.comicsbeat.com/interview-roberta-gregory-on-mother-mountain-wimmens-comix-bitchy-bitch/

Bernsau, T. (2021, January 20). Car Toons for car guys. MotorTrend. Retrieved December 29, 2022, from https://www.motortrend.com/features/0908rc-the-car-toons-of-pete-millar/

Chakraborty, P. (2021). "Sex and the Aesthetics of the Vulgar: Reading the Creative Paradox in the Works of Robert Crumb." Sanglap: Journal of Literary and Cultural Inquiry, 07(02), 120–148. https://doi.org/10.35684/jlci.2021.7206

Chute, H. (2006, season-04). Decoding Comics. Modern Fiction Studies, 52(4), 1014–1027. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26286682

Chute, H. (2019). Why Comics?: From Underground to Everywhere (Reprint). Harper Perennial.

Costello, B., & Gremins, B. (2021). The Other 1980s: Reframing Comics’ Crucial Decade. Louisiana State University Press.

Dalzell, T. (2020, February 20). Remembering Alice Schenker, whose Print Mint on Telegraph Avenue sparked the 1960s poster revolution. Berkeleyside. Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://www.berkeleyside.org/2020/02/20/remembering-alice-schenker-whose-print-mint-on-telegraph-avenue-sparked-the-1960s-poster-revolution

Danky, J. P., & Kitchen, D. (2009). Underground classics: The transformation of comics into Comix. Abrams.

Dauber, J. (2022). American Comics: A History. W. W. Norton & Company.

Doherty , B.  (2023). Dirty pictures: How an underground network of nerds, feminists, misfits, geniuses, bikers,... Potheads, printers, intellectuals, and art school. Harry N. Abraams.

Ebert, R. (2005, November 20). Crumb Movie Review & Film Summary (1995): Roger Ebert. Crumb movie review & film summary (1995) | Roger Ebert. Retrieved December 22, 2022, from https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-crumb-1994

Elam, E. (2013, February 15). Gilbert Shelton in Conversation. T_he Comics Journal ._ Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://www.tcj.com/gilbert-shelton-in-conversation/

Estren, M. J. (2012). A History of Underground Comics. Ronin Publishing, Inc.

Frank, P. (2018, June 19). Mary Wings just wanted an orgasm when she created the First Lesbian Comic Book. HuffPost. Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mary-wings-created-first-lesbian-comic-book\_n\_5b23d937e4b0d4fc01fdd783

Freeman, J. (2017, November 3). Exclusive: Gilbert Shelton reveals some Fabulous furry freak brothers secrets, new collection extracts_! downthetubes.net._ Retrieved December 21, 2022, from https://downthetubes.net/exclusive-gilbert-shelton-reveals-some-fabulous-furry-freak-brothers-secrets-new-collection-extracts/

Gabilliet, J., Beaty, B., & Nguyen, N. (2013). Of Comics and Men: A Cultural History of American Comic Books(Illustrated). University Press of Mississippi.

Garcia, E. (2017). The Hernandez Brothers: Love, Rockets, and Alternative Comics (Latinx and Latin American Profiles)(1st ed.). University of Pittsburgh Press.

Gary Panter. Lambiek Comiclopedia . (2022, July 22). Retrieved December 16, 2022, from https://www.lambiek.net/artists/p/panter.htm

Gomez, B. (2017, March 29). She changed comics: Roberta Gregory interview. Comic Book Legal Defense Fund. Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://cbldf.org/2017/03/she-changed-comics-roberta-gregory-interview/

Gregory, R. (2009). My Creative History. Roberta Gregory . Retrieved December 26, 2022, from http://www.robertagregory.com/Robertagregory/Robertas\_History.html

Griffith, B. (2002). A Bill Griffith Bibliography: (Out of Print & Hard to Find) Covers & Contents . A Bill Griffith bibliography. Retrieved December 5, 2022, from https://www.zippythepinhead.com/pages/biblio.html

Griffith, B. (2003). Still asking the unanswerable question, 'are we having fun yet?'. Still Asking the Unanswerable Question, ‘Are We Having Fun Yet?’ Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://imagetextjournal.com/still-asking-the-unanswerable-question-are-we-having-fun-yet/

Groth, G. (2011, February 9). An interview with Victor Moscoso. The Comics Journal. Retrieved December 12, 2022, from https://www.tcj.com/an-interview-with-victor-moscoso/

Hatfield, C., & Beaty, B. (2020). Comics studies: A guidebook. Rutgers University Press.

Hatfield, C. (2005, August 2). Alternative Comics: An Emerging Literature (Illustrated). University Press of Mississippi.

Jean-Paul, J., & Cruse, H. (2021). Stuck Rubber Baby. CASTERMAN.

Jennings, J., Duffy, D., Woods, A. A., Wimberly, R., Greene, S., Richardson, A., Love, J., Love, R., & Knight, K. (2020, March 31). Black Comix Returns. Magnetic Press.

Julie Doucet. _Lambiek Comiclopedia. (_2022, June 20). Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/doucet.htm

Kaplan, A. (2010). From Krakow to Krypton: Jews and Comic Books. Jewish Publication Society.

Knuddle, K. (2022, October 4). Jay Lynch. Lambiek Comiclopedia. Retrieved December 27, 2022, from https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lynch.htm

Knuddle, K. (2022, September 27). Robert Williams. Lambiek Comiclopedia. Retrieved December 27, 2022, from https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/williams\_r.htm

Knuddle, K. (2022, September 27). Skip Williamson. Lambiek Comiclopedia . Retrieved December 3, 2022, from https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/williamson\_skip.htm

Lambiek. (2022, January 20). Joel Beck. Lambiek Comiclopedia. Retrieved December 19, 2022, from https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/beck\_joel.htm

Mary Fleener. Lambiek Comiclopedia. (2021, February 13). Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/fleener\_mary.htm

Mietkiewicz, H. (2011, June 11). Holmes, Rand (1942-2002). THE JOE SHUSTER AWARDS Canadian Comics Awards, News & Links. Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://joeshusterawards.com/hof/hof-rand-holmes-1942-2002/

Milligan, M. (2021, October 19). Tubi grooves into Adult Toons with debut original 'The Freak Brothers'. Animation Magazine. Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://www.animationmagazine.net/2021/10/tubi-grooves-into-adult-toons-with-debut-original-the-freak-brothers/

Fox, M. S. (2013). Zap Comix. Underground Comix Joint. Retrieved December 29, 2022, from https://comixjoint.com/zapcomix.html

Of the Golden Age comics houses, EC was the greatest; Weird! Incredible! Mad! (2020, September 23). The Economist. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A681897193/OVIC?u=edmo56673&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=cd9e73a6

Olsza, M. (2020). Feminist (and/as) alternative media practices in women's underground comix in the 1970s 1. Polish Journal for American Studies, 14, 21-37,139. Retrieved from https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/feminist-as-alternative-media-practices-womens/docview/2473439187/se-2

Pagano, K. (2012, August 18). Mary Fleener lives art on the edge. North Coast Current. Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://www.northcoastcurrent.com/north-coast-beat/2012/08/mary-fleener-lives-art-on-the-edge/

Panter, G. (2007). Biography . Gary Panter. Retrieved December 26, 2022, from http://www.garypanter.com/site/index.php/about/biography/

Pencil, S. (2020). Rated Savx: The Savage Pencil Skratchbook. Strange Attractor Press.

Pilcher, T., & Kannenberg Jr., G. (2008). Erotic comics : a graphic history from Tijuana bibles to underground comix. The Ilex Press Limited.

Prescott, G. (2017, March 21). About: Life of the Party: An Interview with Mary Fleener. Art & Illustration by Mary Fleener. Retrieved December 26, 2022, from http://www.maryfleener.com/about/

Rand Holmes. Lambiek Comiclopedia. (2021, January 16). Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/holmes\_rand.htm

Roberta Gregory. Lambiek Comiclopedia. (2021, January 1). Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/gregory.htm

Robbins, T. (1999). From girls to grrrlz : a history of [women’s] comics from teens to zines. Chronicle Books.

Rosenkranz, P. (2008, May 20). Rebel Visions: The Underground Comix Revolution 1963 - 1975 (Reprint). Fantagraphics Books.

Sabin, R. (2001). Comics, Comix & Graphic Novels (Revised ed.). Phaidon Press.

Seigal, B. (1997, January 8). Life of the party : Cartoonist Mary Fleener draws on a zest for life and an appreciation for the world's everyday zaniness. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 26, 2022, from https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-08-ls-16304-story.html

Seves, P. R. (2018). Eric Stanton & the History of the Bizarre Underground (1st ed.). Schiffer.

Smith, H. (2021, February 10). S. Clay Wilson, who helped launch the underground comix movement, dies at 79. The Washington Post Online.

Szasz, F. M. (2013, September 15). Atomic Comics: Cartoonists Confront the Nuclear World (1st ed.). University of Nevada Press.

Underground and Independent Comics, Comix, and Graphic Novels. (2011). Reference Reviews; Harlow, 25(6), 52–53.

Wanzo, R. (2018, June 1). The Normative Broken: Melinda Gebbie, Feminist Comix, and Child Sexuality Temporalities. American Literature, 90(2), 347–375. https://doi.org/10.1215/00029831-4564334

Wiggins, R. (2010, March 3). Me and Gilbert Shelton: A Memoir [web log]. Retrieved December 14, 2022, from http://theragblog.blogspot.com/2010/03/ramsey-wiggins-me-and-gilbert-shelton.html.

Williams, P. (2020, January 17). Dreaming the Graphic Novel: The Novelization of Comics (None). Rutgers University Press.

During the 1960s, the Chicano Movement or "El Movimiento" gave way for Chicano artists, designers, and printmakers to emerge. The Chicano Movement united Chicanos, Americans of Mexican heritage who chose that label, in a new shared identity to fight for social and political empowerment. One of the creatives that made their mark in support of this movement was Yolanda Margarita López, a feminist painter, printmaker, educator, and film producer. She was best known for her works focusing on the experiences of Mexican-American and Chicana women, often challenging the harmful ethnic stereotypes associated with them. López is most known for the Guadalupe series, where she reimagines Our Lady of Guadalupe in the image of the everyday Chicana woman. López was essential to the case of Los Siete de La Raza, or The Seven of the Hispanic Community. In this case, seven Latino youths were falsely accused of killing police officer Joseph Brodnick in San Francisco on May 1st, 1969. The political art and design work she produced in support of the seven falsely accused helped rally the San Francisco community together in support and led to the acquitting of the seven youths. López, through her activism, challenged stereotypes of Chicana women and advocated for the Latino community as well as other marginalized communities over the course of her creative career.  

1942 – Born on November 1 in San Diego, CA
1968 – Third World Liberation Strikes
1969 – Los Siete de La Raza
1971 – Enrolled at San Diego State University
1975 – Graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in painting and drawing
1977 – ¿A Donde Vas, Chicana?
1978 – Start of Guadalupe Series
1979 – University of California, San Diego, receiving a Master of Fine Arts
2021 – Yolanda dies of complications from Liver Cancer 

Daly, C.-S. (2021) Yolanda López, artist who painted the iconic Virgen de Guadalupe series, dies at 79, Mission Local. Available at: https://missionlocal.org/2021/09/yolanda-lopez-artist-who-painted-the-iconic-virgen-de-guadalupe-series-dies-at-79/ (Accessed: November 27, 2022). 

Davalos, K.M. (2008) Yolanda M. López. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center Press. 

Duke Human Rights Center at the Franklin Humanities Institute (no date) Chavez, the UFW and the "wetback" problem, News RSS. Available at: https://humanrights.fhi.duke.edu/chavez-ufw-and-wetback-problem/ (Accessed: November 27, 2022). 

Genial generating engagement and new initiatives for ... - exploratorium (no date). Available at: https://www.exploratorium.edu/sites/default/files/Genial\_2017\_Terms\_of\_Usage.pdf (Accessed: November 28, 2022). 

Seth Combs Oct. 10, 2021 5:15 A.M.P.T.F.T.S.more sharing optionsS.C.extra sharing options F.T.L.I.E.C.L.U.R.L.C.P. (2021) The art and activism of Yolanda López, Tribune. Available at: https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/story/2021-10-10/the-art-and-activism-of-yolanda-lopez (Accessed: November 27, 2022). 

¡Printing the revolution!: The rise and impact of Chicano graphics, 1965 to now (no date) ¡Printing the Revolution!: The Rise and Impact of Chicano Graphics, 1965 to Now | Amon Carter Museum of American Art. Available at: https://www.cartermuseum.org/exhibitions/printing-revolution-rise-and-impact-chicano-graphics-1965-now (Accessed: November 27, 2022).

There is a rich history of Black films and filmmaking in the United States that stems from the history of segregation, which created a need for separate films for separate audiences. Since mainstream Hollywood ignored Black audiences, Black filmmakers took the lead in making all Black or “colored” cast films for their audiences. These films have become known as race films. The goal was to shoot films for and about Black folks that were positive and uplifting, to counteract the stereotyped portrayals of mainstream movies. The era of race films dates from roughly 1912-1950 when following World War II movie theaters began to desegregate, Black culture began to be subsumed by white culture, and Black music, dancing, and other performances began to be seen as profitable by Hollywood studios.  Much like mainstream white movies, Black films were advertised and marketed to Black audiences through film posters. In many cases where the original films were not well preserved, all that remains as evidence of these films are posters.

1912-1950 – Race films were made by Black filmmakers and producers with “All colored cast”
1915 – Deeply racist film, The Birth of a Nation is screened, protests of which leads to the formation of the NAACP
1919 – The Homesteader, first film written by Black Filmmaker Oscar Micheaux
1923  – The Bull-dogger is filmed in Oklahoma by the Norman Manufacturing Company staring Black rodeo performer Bill Pickett
1943 – Some of the first mainstream Hollywood films for Black audiences include Stormy Weather and Cabin in the Sky
1948 – The Betrayal, last film written by Black Filmmaker Oscar Micheaux
1953 – Movie theaters desegregated, resulting from a U.S. Supreme court ruling to desegregate restaurants, though many southern states would hold out for at least another decade. 
1971 – Sweet Sweetback’s Baadasssss Song, the first Blaxploitation film premieres, written and directed by Black filmmaker Melvin Van Peebles
1984 – Art Sims designs film poster for Steven Speilberg’s The Color Purple
1992 – John Duke Kisch published a book on his collection of Black film posters called A Separate Cinema
1995 – Art Sims designs controversial film poster for Spike Lee’s Clockers
1995 – Edward Mapp donates a substantial collection of Black film posters to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences collection in the Margaret Herrick Library
2000 – Art Sims designs a controversial film poster for Spike Lee’s Bamboozled, depicting racist stereotypes, which audiences pushed back on, until they realized that designer and filmmaker were Black and the stereotypes were intentionally satirical.
2000-2011  – The Mapp Collection, donated to Indiana University by Dr. Edward Mapp of New York City, consists of two series: Film Publicity, 1930-2002 and Films, 1934-2004.
2005 –  Portions of Mapp's collection of Black-cast film posters toured the country with the Smithsonian’s Traveling Exhibition Service as Close Up in Black: African American Film Posters.
2020 – John Kisch’s Collection was purchased by The Lucas Museum of Narrative Art 

Art Sims visionary designer of spike lee's movie posters gets NY honor at the AIGA national design center May 19th. (2010, May 17). PR Newswire https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/wire-feeds/art-sims-visionary-designer-spike-lees-movie/docview/288129084/se-2

Caro, M. (1995, Sep 13). `CLOCKERS' AD CAMPAIGN GETTING A NEW LOOK: [NORTH SPORTS FINAL, CN EDITION]. Chicago Tribune (Pre-1997 Fulltext) Retrieved from https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.libproxy.uco.edu/newspapers/clockers-ad-campaign-getting-new-look/docview/283992830/se-2

Collins, S. (1996, Feb 08). Leaving a paper trail; african americans spent many years at the periphery of hollywood in films with all-black casts. some posters the academy recently acquired are the only surviving chronicle of much of this history.: [home edition]. Los Angeles Times (Pre-1997 Fulltext) Retrieved from https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.libproxy.uco.edu/newspapers/leaving-paper-trail-african-americans-spent-many/docview/293272302/se-2

Cripps, M. T. &. (2022, October 19). Close-Up in Black: African-American Films Posters from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Apparent First Edition). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Edward Mapp Collection, 1937-2011 - Archives online at Indiana University. (n.d.). https://archives.iu.edu/catalog/VAC1069

Kisch, J., Nourmand, T., Lee, S., Gates, H. L., & Doggett, P. (2014, September 18). Separate Cinema: The First 100 Years of Black Poster Art (First Edition). Reel Art Press.

Laski, B. (1995, September 18). U switches ‘Clockers’ art after ‘Anatomy’ lesson. Variety. https://variety.com/1995/scene/markets-festivals/u-switches-clockers-art-after-anatomy-lesson-99130142/

McCluskey, A. T. (2003). Director’s Notes: Imaging Blackness, 1915-2002: Exhibit Documents Black Hollywood through Film Posters. Black Camera, 18(2), 1–2. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27761620

Machemer, T. (2020, January 16). George Lucas' New Museum Acquires Major Archive of African American Film History. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/george-lucas-museum-acquires-huge-archive-african-american-cinema-180973999/

Mapp, E., & McCluskey, A. T. (2003). An Interview with Dr. Edward Mapp: A Passion for Collecting Black Film. Black Camera, 18(2), 1–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27761621

Martin, M.. (2018). GALLERY: Poster Art as Cultural Labor in the Cinematic Archive of Claire Denis. Black Camera, 10(1), 144–155. https://doi.org/10.2979/blackcamera.10.1.08

Octane, & Octane. (2021). Celebrating America’s Pioneer Black Graphic Designers: Art Sims (1954 – Present) | Octane Design Studios. Octane Design Studios | #MoreThanGraphics. https://lexoctane.com/?p=15067

Pearce-Doughlin, S., Goldsmith, A., & Hamilton, D. (2013). Colorism. In P. L. Mason (Ed.), Encyclopedia of race and racism (2nd ed.). Gale. Credo Reference: https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galerace/colorism/0?institutionId=1845

PrintMag. (2013, December 11). Spike Lee’s Other Poster Design Bamboozle: Saul Bass. PRINT Magazine. https://www.printmag.com/graphic-design/spike-lee-s-other-poster-design-bamboozle-saul-bass/

Reid, M. A. (2005, March 17). Black Lenses, Black Voices: African American Film Now (Genre and Beyond: A Film Studies Series) (Edition Unstated). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Richburg, C. (2016, March 27). Art Sims Talks Creating Iconic ‘New Jack City’ Movie Poster, Film’s 25th Anniversary. EURweb. https://eurweb.com/2016/03/27/art-sims-talks-creating-new-jack-city-movie-poster/

Schaefer, S. (1995, September 8). Poster Imposter. EW.com. https://ew.com/article/1995/09/08/poster-imposter/

Shivers, K. (2000, Mar 22). Sims shows how a picture is worth a box office hit. Los Angeles Sentinel. Retrieved from https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.libproxy.uco.edu/newspapers/sims-shows-how-picture-is-worth-box-office-hit/docview/369327904/se-2

Smith, I. H. (2018, October 3). Selling the Movie: The Art of the Film Poster. University of Texas Press.

Stevens, I_._ (2020, June 3) I turn my back on you: black movie poster art | The pictures | Sight & Sound. British Film Institute. https://www2.bfi.org.uk/explore-film-tv/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-articles/features/pictures/i-turn-my-back-you-black

Type Directors Club. (2020, December 2). Kelly Walters - Ain’t dat a shame [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8sLYAFnCdE

Web Editor. (2022, February 2). The Activists who Desegregated Arlington’s Movie Theaters. https://library.arlingtonva.us/2022/02/02/the-activists-who-desegregated-arlingtons-movie-theaters/#:~:text=Finally%2C%20in%201953%2C%20a%20U.S.,to%20local%20theaters%20as%20well.

Wilson, M., & Benson, O. (2014). Colorism. In S. Thompson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of diversity and social justice. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Credo Reference: https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/rowmandasj/colorism/0?institutionId=1845

Edward Gorey was probably best known as an author and illustrator of more than 100 books in his lifetime. Collector's items today, his books have become icons in and of themselves, darkly humorous and humorously dark. The books defied genres and publishers sometimes had a hard time determining how to market them. They were illustrated yes, but the dark and sometimes gruesome tales certainly weren’t children's books. This contribution was undoubtedly significant, but this was not the limit of his career, which included designing book covers, sets, and costumes for theater and ballet (including the Tony award-winning designs for Dracula in 1977), and the illustrations for animations for the PBS Mystery! series, a shortened version of which can still be seen today. Gorey’s book cover designs are often identifiable by his hand-lettered titles, which he claims he did because he didn’t know much about type. Additionally, Gorey was an icon of fashion in the New York scene, he and his extensive collection of fur coats were the subjects of multiple articles on the New York Fashion scene. Yet despite his numerous contributions, he is not mentioned in design or illustration history books, is his absence from the design history canon a result of gatekeeping? Was it because he mostly designed book covers for inexpensive paperback books rather than glamorous hardcovers? Or Possibly because his own work was described by critics as “macabre”, “gothic”, or even “campy”. Or was it because of his association with the LGBT community? Many have speculated about his sexual orientation, even though Gorey was not “out” and he preferred ambiguity only going so far as to admit to an interviewer that he supposed he was gay, but didn’t “identify with it much”.

1925 – b Chicago, Illinois, as Edward St. John Gorey
1942 – was accepted to Harvard
1942 – Drafted into the Army, served stateside during WWII at the Dugway Proving Grounds in Utah, deferred college entrance
1946 – Begins at Harvard, education is paid for by the G.I. Bill, majoring in French Literature
1953– Hired at Anchor /Doubleday as a book cover designer, moves to NYC
1953 – Publishes first book of his own, The Unstrung Harp
1962 – Founds the Fantod Press to publish his own books
1962-63 – Hired as an art director at Bobbs-Merrill, publisher
1963 – Begins working as a Freelance book designer and illustrator, begins living part-time at the cape
1963 – Publishes abecedary, The Gashlycrumb Tinies, along with The Insect God and The West Wing
1977 – Designs sets and costumes for Broadway revival of Dracula, wins a Tony award for both
1980 – Creates illustrations for animated introduction to PBS Mystery!
1983 – Resolves to leave the city (NYC), moves permanently and full-time to the Cape
2000 – d Gorey dies at age 75
2002 – Edward Gorey’s home at the cape becomes a museum, The Edward Gorey House

Borrelli-Persson, L. (2021, October 30). Celebrating Edward Gorey, Style Icon. Vogue. https://www.vogue.com/article/celebrating-edward-gorey-style-icon

Brottman, M. (2005) High theory/low culture. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Curwen, T. (2004, Jul 18). ART; light from a dark star; before the current rise of graphic novels, there was Edward Gorey, whose tales and drawings still baffle -- and attract -- new fans.: [HOME EDITION]. Los Angeles Times Retrieved from https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.libproxy.uco.edu/newspapers/art-light-dark-star-before-current-rise-graphic/docview/422042911/se-2?accountid=14516

Dery, M. (2018). Born to Be Posthumous: The Eccentric Life and Mysterious Genius of Edward Gorey (Illustrated ed.). Little, Brown and Company.

Dery, M. (2020, January-February). Edward Gorey's Gothic Nonsense. The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide, 27(1), 18+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A616752005/LitRC?u=edmo56673&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=f73cab8e

Devers, A. N. (2011, January 5). The Coats of Edward Gorey. The Paris Review. https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2011/01/04/the-coats-of-edward-gorey/

Dubner, S. (2022, May 20). The University of Impossible-to-Get-Into. Freakonomics. https://freakonomics.com/podcast/the-university-of-impossible-to-get-into/

Gottlieb, R. (2018, December 31). Superb Oddities: Robert Gottlieb Reviews a Biography of Edward Gorey. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/31/books/review/edward-gorey-mark-dery-born-to-be-posthumous.html

Green, J. (2020, April 1). The Gay History of America’s Classic Children’s Books. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/t-magazine/gay-children-book-authors.html

Gussow, M. (2000, April 17). Edward Gorey, Artist and Author Who Turned the Macabre Into a Career, Dies at 75. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/17/arts/edward-gorey-artist-and-author-who-turned-the-macabre-into-a-career-dies-at-75.html

Heller. (1999). “Book Covers, Edward Gorey”. Design Literacy (continued) : understanding graphic design.

Heller, S. (1999, Jan 06). Edward Gorey's cover story: [toronto edition]. National Post Retrieved from https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/edward-goreys-cover-story/docview/329355783/se-2?accountid=14516

Kurutz, S. (2018, November 1). The Granddaddy of Goth. New York Times, D1(L). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A560663228/OVIC?u=edmo56673&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=4e2ba0c0

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