Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will be conversing a quick introduction to types to drug metabolising enzymes, which are broadly classified in Microsomal and Non microsomal enzymes. Talking about microsomal enzymes, first of all I will tell you the site of these enzymes and then their characteristic features whether they are inducible or not and what induces them, then I will narrate their examples, and different reactions they catalyse, next coming over to the non microsomal enzymes, I will be giving their site, then their examples, then I will throw some light as to how they are different from microsomal enzymes, then i will be telling their features, different reactions they catalyse and finally I will be concluding today's talk with some great amazing facts about these enzymes and the drugs they metabolise which will enthral your quest for knowledge and new sparks of information. Keeping the fascination of conversation strong enough to guide you till tomorrow's episode, till next session, do follow me here, rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, stay tuned, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode I will try to fit in some round pegs in between square holes of our ongoing topic from so many days, let us have a break, some change, a pause for deep breath and today's point of discussion will rotate around Transporters of Drugs, their implications in drug disposition and disease. Though seeming a different way out of current streams of topics, its very very relevant at present spot. I will be telling about two broad groups of transporters, the uptake transporters and the efflux transporters and also mixed feature transporters.Most of the efflux transporters belong to the ABC Superfamily which include P-glycoprotein which in turn expresses Multi Drug Resistant proteins 1 (MDR 1). There are varied locations of transporters which affect the distribution of drugs like enterocytes of small intestine, liver cells, renal tubular cells, brain capillary endothelial cells. These varied occupancy of transporters will provide an explanation to drug induced toxicity and various drug-drug interactions, so knowing all these new and variety of things, hope you all enjoyed the flavour of today's varied spice in the episode, till next one, do follow me here, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple Podcasts, stay tuned, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, firstly wishing all a very Happy Teacher's Day ! Quickly coming over to the topic, I will be first giving you all 5 facts for 5th September, First fact states that most drugs are metabolised by multiple pathways, which may be occurring simultaneously or sequentially, depending on time and process, second fact is again about rate of metabolism, third fact is all about the metabolites, fourth fact is about stereoisomers, it will be embellished with a beautiful example of warfarin. Fifth fact states about drugs metabolised by enzymes of intermediary metabolism and their relevant few examples. Then today's last word will be about non enzymatic biotransformation also known as hoffman elimination. Some drugs like atracurium, undergoes metabolism via molecular rearrangement and there is no enzyme action involved. This defines hoffman elimination. with this definition, let's call to halt today's episode, till next session, do follow me here, rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, stay tuned, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, firstly I will be discussing the Glycine conjugation reactions, whatever we did yesterday and today, all are Non Microsomal Synthetic reactions, Glycine conjugation is a minor metabolic pathway, then I will talk about a very important synthetic reaction i.e. Glutathione Conjugation reactions, it inactivates highly reactive quinone or epoxide intermediates, wonderful example is paracetamol, which leads to toxicity when glutathione supply falls short, and then we have amino acid conjugation , which has a special characteristic that it occurs in mitochondria, and lastly I will pull the curtains down of today's episode with Ribonucleotide synthetic reactions which act on purine and pyrimidines used as antimetabolites in cancer chemotherapy, of which we gonna know details in coming episodes, maybe a little later, so that's all folks, till next episode, do follow me here, stay tuned, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast, I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will be sharing a funny thought about knowledge, discussing about tomato, but without delay I will come to the topic, i.e.more of Synthetic reactions like three in number for the day, first one being Acetylation reactions occurring in cytosol. They are catalysed by N-Acetyl transferases and the drugs undergoing these reactions show genetic polymorphism, and the person can be slow or fast acetylator. Second reaction to discuss is Sulfate conjugation, catalysed by sulfotransferases, and the sulfur donors are PAPS. Third reaction to discuss was Methyl conjugation , which too occurs in cytosol, reaction is catalysed by methyl transferases, methyl donors are methionine and cysteine, and with this reaction I will call today's episode to halt, before waiving bye, a humble request, do follow me here, rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, stay tuned, Thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will be starting the good gracious deed of mine with the description of Microsomal Conjugations, and only example is Glucuronide Conjugation, The phase 1 metabolites with special groups undergo these reactions, catalysed by microsomal UGTs, yielding dug- glucuronide conjugates, This is most important synthetic reactions, examples of drugs undergoing these reactions are aspirin, paracetamol, chloramphenicol, diazepam, lorezapam, and few endogenous drugs like bilirubin, thyroxine, etc also utilise this pathway. Glucuronidation increases molecular weight of drug and is easily excreted in bile, hydrolysed by gut bacteria, liberated drug is reabsorped, this is known as enterohepatic cycling, then I give a beautiful description of a diagram of enterohepatic cycling. Drugs undergoing this are phenolphthalein.With the beautiful, perfect description of enterohepatic cycling, I will be pulling the curtains down of the 75th episode, to further the road trip to a complete century, do follow me here, stay tuned, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast, I am Dr Radhika Vijay and in today's episode firstly I will break my own set myth of manic mondays and will see the other side of the coin as when we dip mondays gifted to us in glitter we can sparkle all day, isn't the thought brilliant?  well , heading on to the topic I want to state that Phase 2 reactions also well famous as Conjugation or Synthetic reactions , they involve conjugation with polar endogenous molecules which are intermediary molecules created by phase 1 metabolism, the organic acid so formed are easily excreted in urine or bile, the second pathway followed when molecular weight exceeds 300. The basic requirement of phase 2 reactions is a high amount of energy and secondly they are much faster than phase 1 reactions. Examples of drugs forming conjugates are morphine, OCPs form sulfates, naturally conjugated substances are bilirubin and estrogens, and then for more details of each of the variety of the phase 2 reactions will be done definitely, invariably tomorrow, so just embrace the monday for the coming up great week ahead, till next episode, doo follow me here, stay tuned, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple Podcasts, and finally I wave you all bye for the day!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY  DIFFICULT Podcast !  I am Dr Radhika Vijay , in today's episode I advise you all to count your rainbows and not your thunderstorms on a happy sunday , with this positivity we commence today's episode with the basic equation of Hydrolysis reaction and get to know as to ester plus water molecule gives rise to acid plus alcohol in presence of esterases, then I will be telling you about some other enzymes, the different sites of hydrolytic reactions, then I will be listing the different drugs which are hydrolysed, then I will be classifying the hydrolytic reactions in microsomal and non microsomal with their relevant examples. Next we jump to to a word about cyclisation reactions, the definition and one or two famous examples, then next come the decyclisation reactions, and the curtains go down with the information about a few examples and by the knowledge that it is actually a minor pathway, so ridiculous, no? Well, its ok, take a deep breath, relax, enjoy with friends and family and hold tight to a hot cup of coffee, as we sip away the weekend together, till next episode, do follow me here, stay tuned, do  rate and review on Itunes, apple podcasts, Thank you!!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will light the candle of knowledge with a beautiful quotation of George Eliot which states that, "There are so many things that one can do with a new person and that is becoming a better man too", with this, I will break the ice of today's episode with the heading of Non Microsomal Oxidation Reactions, in this first comes the Mitochondrial oxidations, then Cytoplasmic oxidations and finally to account for are oxidative deamination reactions.Then I will explain about Reduction reactions, starting with Microsomal reductions which include Nitro-, Azo- and Keto- Reduction and all are accompanied with their respective apt examples and last to account for are Non microsomal reductions with its one and only example, and then with the promise of preserving further information for next episode, do follow me here , stay tuned, please rate and review on ITunes, Apple Podcasts, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, first of all, a news from my end to share, Its my son's birthday and we gonna do a home based celebration, quite limited and restricted in nature, in today's episode I will be covering Phase 1 reactions , especially oxidation reactions, in these firstly I will talk about microsomal oxidations which are CYP dependent and in these first and foremost to talk about are aromatic hydroxylations, then come aliphatic hydroxylations, I will be giving their examples too, then N/O/S- dealkylation, and accompanied with these are their examples, then in list comes N/S- oxidation, and next in queue is Deamination, then comes Desulfurisation and all have their own unique and important examples, well, that's not all my dear friends, I also explained today about the choice of extent of descriptive details of my topics as to their limit of discussion is decided by their relevance and essence and not just to talk about topics, hope you all like it, till next episode, do follow me here, rate and review please on ITunes, Apple podcasts, stay tuned, thank you!!