Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay and in today's episode I will communicate about especially Phase 1 reactions , also known as Nonsynthetic or Functionalisation reactions. The most important of the different phase 1 reactions amongst oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis reactions are oxidation reactions, they are carried out by Mixed functional oxidases enzyme group, abbreviated as MFO Enzymes. The most important of these is large superfamily of heamproteins , i.e. cytochrome P450 enzymes, which metabolise many chemical from environment, diet and drug.Oxidation reaction means addition of oxygen , or removal of hydrogen. There may be different types of oxidation namely hydroxylation, N/O- dealkylation, oxidative deamination, etc.Firstly a short lived intermediate of the type quinone, epoxide or superoxide which converts to stable form. Further comes a new chapter branching out today i.e. different microsomal enzymes and their action and so much more to account for, so come on, its a weekend!! And new leaflet should turn over on a new day, which will be Monday for us, till then, please rate and review on apple podcasts, itines store, stay tuned, HAPPY LEARNING ON A HAPPY SUNDAY!Thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast! I am Dr Radhika Vijay , in today's episode I will be communicating about the different types of Biotransformation reactions, the first one known by these names- Non synthetic or Phase 1 or Functionalization Reactions, having a solid reason to be called so, as a new functional group is introduced rendering the drug to polar or non polar metabolites, mainly microsomal in nature, the resultant metabolite may become active or inactive. Such reactions mainly cover oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis. Second ones are called as Synthetic or Conjugation or phase 2 reactions, in these reactions, the resultant metabolite is usually polar, water soluble and inactive in most of the cases, though there are always exceptions. Another golden piece of information that I will be narrating is that the drugs containing functional or reactive groups immediately enter phase 2 reactions, else they first pass through phase 1 reactions and then phase 2, With this sparkling piece of knowledge, my winding up words will be- that's all folks, the curtains go down now. Don't let go the weekend in vain, I humbly, desperately request a good review on Itunes, Apple podcasts, Hope you do the favor, for more knowledge bytes, stay tuned, do follow me here, HAPPY LEARNING, Thank you!!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, and in today's episode, we will break the ice by touching the untouched , some leftovers of last night dinner taste good in today's breakfast will be our strategy and I will be quickly revising the definition of Metabolism, I will define its goal i.e. drug excretion by converting to water soluble form, though exceptions are always found, then I will throw some light on two of the common pathways first being reducing lipid solubility, second , altering the biological activity of drug. Then with due regards and permissions from you all, I will be revising the yesterday's two consequences of biotransformation of drugs and then I will be diligently turning the leaf over to today's episode with the magical word "CONTINUED..." in last table of prodrugs converting to active drugs, After a few add- ons , I will be telling you all the third consequence again with a brand new table today which won't be continued tomorrow and a promise of not bombarding of extra information, I will call the episode to halt, do follow me here, stay tuned, Happy Learning! Thank you!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will be talking about the consequences of biotransformation of drugs, limiting the talk to only two of the three consequences! First one being inactivation of active drug, which actually means termination of action of the drug and Second one being the opposite, that is activation of inactive drug and there is a special name for that inactive drug , its called the PRODRUG!! That is how we get the definition of prodrug. And the fabulous part of this information is that Prodrug has a list of advantages over the active form which ye need to know... and this is followed by a list of prodrugs and their active forms which will exhaust you but not put you down, the curiosity get higher as we keep the third consequence a secret to be told tomorrow, till then do follow me here, stay tuned, HAPPY LEARNING! thank you!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, and in today's episode I will be doing a chit chat about Biotransformation of Drugs Introduction, it states that although the onset of drug effect is determined by processes like absorption and distribution, it cannot be tolerated that its action is prolonged for time indefinite, it has to call to halt, and that is done by biotransformation, excretion and upto some extent redistribution. So, it is a very important process for the drugs to stop effect of foreign substances known as xenobiotics! Its primary site is liver, and others are kidney, intestines and lungs, etc. One last add on information is that dead tissues like hair, nails, per se are not involved in biotransformation, with this jewel of knowledge, I will call the episode to halt, till tomorrow's episode, stay tuned, follow me here, HAPPY LEARNING, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast,  am Dr Radhika Vijay, and in today's episode, I will be getting heart to heart about a short length , quick, fast topic known as Redistribution. Its as quick as a flash of light!! Yes, an appropriate similie to describe this special type of distribution process. So, with some fast acting drugs like thiopentone sodium given intra venously, then oral nitrazepam and few more in the list tells this quick, flashy tale of redistribution process. I will be communicating to you the basis, the reason, the mechanism, the process, the extinction, and all ye need to know about redistribution of drugs!! You will know why its a WOW information and what modifications can change the nature of the process, all in all a complete bundle of wonders, knowledge and raving tales akin to its quick onset and termination makes today's episode no less crispy and a pleasure for your ears, keep listening, stay tuned, stay enlightened, HAPPY LEARNING! Thank you!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode I will be collecting messages from sea shells as we together walk through the shores of knowledge, First shell tells us that passage of drug across the membranes and capillary walls depends on lipid solubility which in turn determines the volume of distribution. Second pearl of knowledge states that high or low plasma protein binding determines the volume of distribution and also determines where a drug stays or is restricted to. Next pearl conveys the message that volume of distribution decides whether or not poisoning state of drug in case if occurs would be benefitted by heamodialysis or not , indirectly telling the basis of heamodialysis. Last pearl is highly scintillating with a spark of diamond, it whispers in ears that numerical value of volume of distribution may be variable and accordingly holds different significance and also tells that diseases like CHF, Ureamia and cirrhosis also affect volume of distribution by different mechanisms. All in all, 4 pearls stand for 4 smiles of the day, stay enlightened, do follow me here, stay tuned, thank you!!

Welcome to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will be introducing the Apparent Volume of Distribution , no more a teaser, today is narrated the introduction finally. Building up a story background for the real concept, I have explained an example of Digoxin, which eventually leads us to the word "APPARENT" and then to volume of distribution, which is actually apparent concept, then going deeper, I will be deriving a proper equation for mathematical calculation of apparent volume of distribution, then I will let you know its unit which is L/kg which you need to remember and finally with a word as to how we can make different generalisations or use this as a pharmacokinetic tool, I will be giving a halt to my talk today. Trending today is my WEEKEND CLASSROOM, which will be updated every Sunday on my YouTube channel, do attend it for a quick weekly summary of topics, hope you like this new endeavour, till next session, do follow me here, stay tuned, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, wrapped up in spirit of freedom and independence, with all respect, gratitude for our freedom fighters, I will be talking about the final important clinical aspect of plasma protein binding as to how and why the disease, conditions of physiological stress and pathological states affect the plasma protein binding upto a level significant clinically. In this I will talk about the conditions renal failure, liver disease leading to hypoalbuminemia and then with examples I will be furnishing the details appropriately. Then with a word about the fact that its both the bound and free form form of drug referred to amount in vitro, while referring to especially the MIC of antimicrobial, I will be expressing my love for MOTHER INDIA in my native HINDI language in form of a poetry, hope you all like it, do follow me here, stay tuned, JAI HIND!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode our plane will take off with full zest and fun and land in beautiful ground of Plasma protein binding where we will take our steps further ahead..I will be commencing today's episode with the fact that drug binds to multiple sites on albumin and multiple drugs bind to same site(s). All this leads to a lot of displacement drug interactions of which final outcome depends on grade of affinity of the drug, then there are many things to talk about as to the gravity of the situation, as to should we really worry or not worry about these displacement drug interactions, With a lot of examples, and proper, firm basis I will be evaluating or measuring the depth of seriousness of this whole concept and will be sharing all information through and through so that there are no rooms of over emphasis or exaggerations of the whole picture, no over painting, just the true colors all in all you will see, hope you all like it, till net episode, do rate and review, follow me here, stay tuned, thank you!!