Learn about how patient O became patient zero, what it takes for a species to evolve twice, and how pesky fruit flies keep getting into your garbage.

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It's "Patient O," Not "Patient Zero" by Ashley Hamer

• Researchers Clear “Patient Zero” From AIDS Origin Story. (2016, October 26). NPR.Org. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/10/26/498876985/mystery-solved-how-hiv-came-to-the-u-s
• Worobey, M., Watts, T. D., McKay, R. A., Suchard, M. A., Granade, T., Teuwen, D. E., Koblin, B. A., Heneine, W., Lemey, P., & Jaffe, H. W. (2016). 1970s and ‘Patient 0’ HIV-1 genomes illuminate early HIV/AIDS history in North America. Nature, 539(7627), 98–101. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19827

With Iterative Evolution, a Species Can Evolve TWICE by Cameron Duke

• Brigit Katz. (2019, May 13). How Evolution Brought a Flightless Bird Back From Extinction. Smithsonian Magazine; Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-evolution-brought-flightless-bird-back-extinction-180972166/
• Mancini, M. (2019, May 31). Iterative Evolution: Did the Aldabra Rail Evolve Twice? HowStuffWorks. https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/evolution/iterative-evolution.htm
• Hume, J. P., & Martill, D. (2019). Repeated evolution of flightlessness in Dryolimnas rails (Aves: Rallidae) after extinction and recolonization on Aldabra. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 186(3), 666–672. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz018

How do fruitflies keep getting into my house? by Ashley Hamer (Listener question from Julien)

• Binns, C. (2012, November 18). Where Do Fruit Flies Come From? Livescience.Com; Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/32251-where-do-fruit-flies-come-from.html
• Drosophila melanogaster. (2020). Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Drosophila_melanogaster/
• Fruit Flies | Entomology. (2017). Uky.Edu. https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef621
• van Breugel, F., & Dickinson, M. H. (2014). Plume-Tracking Behavior of Flying Drosophila Emerges from a Set of Distinct Sensory-Motor Reflexes. Current Biology, 24(3), 274–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.12.023
• Markow, T. A. (2015). The secret lives of Drosophila flies. ELife, 4. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.06793

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