① The river has risen, because it has rained much of late.

② It must have rained much of late, for the river is so high.

③ He met a number of people, but none whom he knew, which somewhat surprised him, for he had thought himself acquainted with everyone in the neighbourhood.

④ It’ll rain this evening, for the barometer is falling.

⑤ She never wore a hat, for she was very vain about her hair.

→【補足】：例えば、彼女が帽子を被らない本当の原因は、単に「家が貧乏でおしゃれな帽子が買えないから」だったとする。それでも、発話者が「彼女は自分の髪の毛に自惚れている」という理由で「彼女は決して帽子を被らない」という判断をしたということが嘘にはならないし、発話者が本当は何を考えているのかということを外部から完全に確定することはできないので、「発話者の発言が本当は間違っている」などとは言いようがない。

① It is a fiddle or a violin.

② Commerce is buying and selling, or exchanging goods.

③ He distorted the truth, or he was lying.

① I would have known it beforehand in your position.

= If I had been in your position, I would have known it beforehand.

② A hundred years ago not a doctor could have carried out such an operation.

③ One's memories of any period must necessarily weaken as one moves away from it. At twenty I could have written the history of my schooldays with an accuracy which would be quite impossible now.

④ I would be happy to be of any service to you.

⑤ Nobody but a complete fool would have believed such a thing.

⑥ Any girl dressed like that would be laughed at.

⑦ No other man could do the work.

⑧ Just a piece of bread and a glass of milk would satisfy me.

① If only she had not eaten so much garlic last night.

② Would to God that I were as strong as Charlie!

③ Oh, that the end might never come!

④ It’s high time they made friends with each others.

⑤ But for your kind help, I would have to give up the whole plan.

= If it were not for your help, I would have to give up the whole plan.

⑥ I started off at once; otherwise I would have missed the last train.

= I started off at once; if I had not started off at once, I would have missed the last train.

⑦ The story was told in confidence, otherwise I would tell you.

⑧ One more effort, and he would have done well.

= If he had made one more effort, he would have done well.

⑨ He requested that all his mail (should) be redirected to his new address.

① She almost wished she were dead.

② I wish my father would leave me alone.

≒ I’m afraid my father will not leave me alone.

③ He pretended as if he were quite ignorant of the whole situation.

① If I had studied in my youth, I should be living a happy life now.[条件が過去で帰結が現在]

= As I didn’t study in my youth, I’m not living a happy life now.

② I could show you the pictures if they had not been stolen.[条件が過去で帰結が現在]

= I cannot show you the pictures because they were stolen.

③ If he were ill, we should have heard by now.[条件が現在で帰結が過去]

④ He would have passed here at about eight o’clock if he was expecting to get to school at nine.

[条件が現在で帰結が過去]

① I don't think he's right.

× I think he's not right.

② I hope it will not rain tomorrow.

① He is above telling a lie.

= He never tells a lie.

= He is not at all a liar.

= He is far from a liar.

= He is anything but a liar.

= He is the last man to tell a lie.

= He knows better than to tell a lie.

② Bad weather prevented us from starting.

= We could not start on account of bad weather.

③ The problem remains to be solved.

= The problem is yet to be solved.

= We have yet to solve the problem.

= The problem is not solved yet.

④ We tried to stop him, but in vain.

= We tried in vain to stop him.

= We tried to stop him without success.

= We tried to stop him only to fail.

= We tried to stop him, but we could not.

⑤ He can't speak English well, let alone French.

= He can't speak English well, much less French.

⑥ God knows where he fled.

= Heaven knows where he fled.

= Nobody knows where he fled.

⑦ When he breathed his vows to her, as he had done to a hundred before her, she flattered herself that she alone had touched his heart. The devil knows best what he said, but at last she became his tool, and was in the habit of seeing him nearly every evening.

⑧ Frankly, I don't really like your plan.

⑨ Frankly, I really don't like your plan.

① It is not without reason that he complains.

② No one can fail to notice the great changes of that city.

③ You can never hurt another without hurting yourself.

④ No problem is so difficult but it may be solved.

= No problem is so difficult that it may not be solved.

⑤ There is not one of us but wishes to help you.

⑥ I don’t know but it is all true.

⑦ Nobody can be sure but that she is right.

⑧ I don't doubt but that he will do it.

⑨ The amazing progress made in science nowadays is such that hardly a day passes without our reading in the newspaper some accounts of a new discovery or invention.

⑩ It was not there. I was not in the least surprised. I am never surprised when I do not find things in my pockets. Long experience has taught me not to expect to find what I want in my pockets. But on the other hand, I rarely fail to find things I do not want.

【バットを飼い慣らす動画】https://youtu.be/jCxrbgjlqRY

① At no time did the lady pay attention to others.

② In no time your mother will come back.

③ She is not a little tired.

④ She is not a bit tired.

⑤ Mary didn’t marry him because he was rich.