*This episodes contains a detailed account of torture.

Champlain steps dramatically into a complex world of ancient kinship networks, complex diplomacy, and a long simmering war when he founds the city of Quebec in 1608. He finally meets the powerful Wendat people and assists them and their allies in a famous battle against the Haundenosaunee in the heart of Mohawk territory.

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We take a look at the Beothuk people in this episode from their ancient beginnings on the island of Newfoundland to their demise through disease, starvation, and murder. It is a tragic story of the effects of colonization on a small population on an unforgiving land.

Sources

Books:

Beothuk: How Story Made a People (Almost) Disappear by Christopher Patrick Aylward

A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk by Ingeborg Marshall

The Mi'kmaq: Resistance, Acommodation, and Cultural Survival by Harald E.L. Prins

Journal Articles:

Pastore, R. (1989). The Collapse of the Beothuk World. Acadiensis, 19(1), 52. Retrieved from https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/view/12292

Gilbert, W. (2011). Beothuk-European Contact in the 16th Century:: A Re-evaluation of the Documentary Evidence. Acadiensis, 40(1), 24–44.

Holly, Donald H. “The Beothuk on the Eve of Their Extinction.” Arctic Anthropology 37, no. 1 (2000): 79–95. doi:10.2307/40316519.

Online:

Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador (Several pages on this site)

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In this episode, we explore the early French attempts to settle in what would become Acadia, from Saint Croix to the more promising shores of Port-Royal. Who were the people who came? What were they hoping for? And how did they survive in a land already home to the Mi’kmaq? Join us as we discuss the story of one of the first European settlements in what is now Canada and the important relationship between those a settlers and the Mi'kmaq.

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Sources:

John Mack Faragher, A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from their American Homeland. 2005

David Hackett Fischer, Champlain's Dream. 2008

Daniel N. Paul, We Were Not The Savages 4th Ed, 2022

Marcel Trudel, The Beginnings of New France 1524-1663. 1973

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There had been a few men with colonial ambitions from France but they had all ended in failure. Champlain starts his colonial career as an observer ready to learn some lessons from his predecessors.

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Sources:

Champlain's Dream by David Hacket Fischer

Colonialism and Capitalism: Canada's Origins 1500-1890 vol.1 by Bryan D. Palmer

Natives and Newcomers: Canada's "Heroic Age" Reconsidered by Bruce Trigger

The Beginnings of New France 1524-1663 by Marcel Trudel

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All but one of Cartier's kidnapped Stadaconans have died but he's ready to make his third voyage back to Canada. This time he's second in command to Roberval and, let's just say, they don't make a great team.

Further reading:

Jacques Cartier, The Voyages of Jacques Cartier, edited by Ramsay Cook (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993). In particular the introduction is very helpful - "Donnacona Discovers Europe: Rereading Jacques Cartier's Voyages" by Ramsay Cook

Marcel Trudel, The Beginnings of New France 1524-1663, 1973.

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