Section 4: Discovery.

Discovery is a critical phase in civil litigation, where parties exchange information relevant to the case. This stage is designed to eliminate surprises, clarify what the lawsuit is about, and gather evidence necessary for trial. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and corresponding state rules provide the framework for discovery.

Scope and Limits of Discovery.

Under Rule 26(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the scope of discovery is broad. Parties may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party's claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case. The information sought need not be admissible in evidence if it appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.

However, the scope of discovery is not limitless. The concept of proportionality, introduced in the 2015 amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, plays a crucial role. Proportionality limits discovery requests that are overly burdensome, unnecessary, or disproportionate to the case's needs. Factors considered in assessing proportionality include the importance of the issues at stake, the amount in controversy, the parties' relative access to relevant information, the parties' resources, the importance of the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit.

Discovery Tools.

Interrogatories: These are written questions one party sends to another, requiring answers under oath. Interrogatories are useful for obtaining basic information like names, dates, and details of the case. However, they are limited in number (usually to 25) and scope.

Depositions: A deposition is an out-of-court testimony given under oath by a party or witness. It allows attorneys to question the deponent (the person being deposed) in person and assess their demeanor and credibility. Depositions are powerful tools for gathering information and locking in testimony before trial.

Requests for Production (RFPs): Parties can request documents, electronic data, and other tangible evidence from each other. RFPs are broad in scope and can include requests for emails, documents, internal memos, and physical evidence relevant to the dispute.

Requests for Admissions: These are statements sent to the opposing party to admit or deny specific assertions. They are used to establish certain facts as true for the purpose of trial, thereby narrowing the issues to be litigated.

Physical and Mental Examinations: In certain cases, a party may request the court to order a physical or mental examination of a person if the person’s condition is in controversy.

Electronic Discovery (e-Discovery).

Electronic discovery refers to the process of identifying, collecting, and producing electronically stored information (ESI) in response to a request for production in litigation. ESI includes emails, documents, databases, voicemails, audio and video files, social media posts, and more.

The challenges of e-discovery are manifold. First, the sheer volume of ESI can be overwhelming. Second, ESI is dynamic and can be altered, deleted, or lost, making preservation crucial. Third, ESI is often stored in complex systems, requiring technical expertise to retrieve.

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure address e-discovery specifically. Rule 26(f), known as the "meet and confer" provision, requires parties to discuss e-discovery issues early in the litigation. Rule 34 allows for the request of ESI in specific forms. And Rule 37(e) provides guidance on the failure to preserve ESI, outlining measures a court may take if ESI that should have been preserved is lost.

Discovery Disputes and Resolutions.

Discovery disputes are common and can arise over the scope of discovery, the protection of privileged information, the format of production, and the burden or expense of the requested discovery. Strategies to resolve these disputes include: