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1. Troponin I
   
   1. Normal value range
   2. Pathophysiology
   3. Special considerations
   4. Elevations in lab values

1. Normal value range
   
   1. Typically less than 0.035 ng/mL or less
   2. Can vary among institutions
   3. Has to be greater than the 99th percentile
2. Pathophysiology
   
   1. Troponin is released during myocardial cell damage
   2. Decreased perfusion causes myocardial cell damage
   3. Causes of myocardial cell damage
      
      1. Myocardial infarction
      2. Demand ischemia
         1. Cardiogenic
            
            1. ACS
         2. Noncardiogenic
            
            1. Sepsis
            2. Renal failure
            3. Extreme exercise

Alprazolam

Xanax

Anxiety, panic disorder, manage symptoms of PMS, insomnia, mania, psychosis

Works in CNS to produce anxiolytic effect causing CNS depression.

Antianxiety agent

Benzodiazepine

• Use caution with existing CNS depression, sleep apnea, renal dysfunction, hepatic dysfunction. • May cause CNS depression, drowsiness, lethargy • May lead to physical dependence, may experience tolerance effect • Assess anxiety and mental status • Romazicon (flumazenil) is the antidote for overdose • Grapefruit juice may increase blood levels

Alendronate

Fosamax

Osteoporosis (aging, menopause, corticosteroid induced)

Inhibits osteoclast activity leading to inhibition of resorption of bone

Bone resorption inhibitor

Bisphosphonates

• Take first thing in the morning with full glass of water 30 min prior to eating • Assess serum calcium and vitamin D • May lead to muscle pain

Albuterol

Proventil

Bronchodilator used to prevent airway obstruction in asthma and COPD

Binds to Beta2 adrenergic receptors in the airway leading to relaxation of the smooth muscles in the airways

Bronchodilator

Adrenergic

• May decrease the effectiveness of Beta Blockers • Use caution with ○ Heart disease ○ Diabetes ○ Glaucoma ○ Seizure disorder • Overuse of inhalers can lead to bronchospasm • Monitor for chest pain and palpitations • Can decrease digoxin levels

What order to complete your blood draws. 

How to take Absolute Words NCLEX questions. 

always, never, none, all, every

Free Quiz: https://nursing.com/lesson/labs-01-01-lab-panels-2/?quiz-view=open&utm_medium=podcast&utm_source=podcast&utm_campaign=lab-values

Insulin Regular

Humulin R/Novolin R

hyperglycemia with diabetes type 1 and 2, diabetic ketoacidosis

stimulates uptake of glucose into muscle and fat cells, inhibits production of glucose in the liver, prevents breakdown of fat and protein

antidiabetics, hormones

pancreatics

• assess for symptoms of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia • monitor body weight over time • may cause decreased inorganic phosphates, potassium, and magnesium • monitor blood sugars every 6 hours, monitor A1C every 3-6 months

Insulin NPH

Humulin N, Novolin N

hyperglycemia with diabetes type 1 and 2, diabetic ketoacidosis

stimulates uptake of glucose into muscle and fat cells, inhibits production of glucose in the liver, prevents breakdown of fat and protein

antidiabetics, hormones

pancreatics

• assess for symptoms of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia • monitor body weight over time • may cause decreased inorganic phosphates, potassium, and magnesium • monitor blood sugars every 6 hours, monitor A1C every 3-6 months