A federal indictment unsealed in July 2019 revealed that Jeffrey Epstein had operated a sprawling sex-trafficking enterprise between 2002 and 2005 and had not acted alone. According to prosecutors, Epstein had worked with a network of employees, associates, and others who had helped recruit and groom underage girls for exploitation. The report stated that four women who had been granted immunity under a 2008 plea deal approved by then-U.S. attorney Alexander Acosta were believed to have assisted Epstein in obtaining victims for himself and for other powerful men. At the time, the indictment reignited criticism of the controversial non-prosecution agreement and raised questions about how many people had helped maintain Epstein’s operation behind the scenes.

Psychiatrist Alan Manevitz told reporters that psychological factors may have played a role in explaining how some women became complicit, suggesting possibilities ranging from sociopathy to trauma-bonding dynamics such as Stockholm syndrome. Manevitz emphasized that while these theories did not excuse any behavior, they offered context for understanding how coercion and manipulation could have transformed victims into participants under Epstein’s control. The article portrayed the situation as a complex web of power, exploitation, and psychological domination that had enabled Epstein to operate for years with systematic assistance.

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