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Scripture: Galatians 5:16-25
A. Joy is not a transient emotion produced by circumstances
A. The Fall resulted in both physical and spiritual death — the source of spiritual life was cut off (Genesis 2)
A. Joy's requirement flows from joy's reality — the relationship between the two must be kept in proper order
Scripture: 1 Samuel 20: What Covenant Does
Scripture: 1 Samuel 20
A. After fleeing Naioth in Ramah (1 Samuel 19), David's world has disintegrated into disorder — on the run from Saul
A. David's life has been upended — shepherd, then king-elect, warrior, son-in-law to Saul, now a fugitive
D. The vertical covenant to which this points: God covenants with his people through Christ
E. Application: Flee to Christ for refuge — do not trust your own strength, goodness, or good intentions
A. The plan formulated in the field: Jonathan will sound out Saul's true intent and signal David
C. The covenant involves a surprising compassion from David
D. The vertical covenant is different in a crucial way: God alone fulfills all responsibilities
A. The covenant's reward for David is his rescue — saved from Saul's clutches through Jonathan's faithfulness
E. The vertical covenant brings the rescue and peace that this horizontal covenant only foretastes
F. Peace with God also makes horizontal peace possible
G. Summary: Covenant brings reliable refuge, reciprocal responsibility, and rescuing reward — all pointing to the greater, stronger, more sure covenant God makes with his people through Christ
Scripture: 1 Samuel 19
Scripture: 1 Samuel 19
A. Saul reveals his murderous intent to Jonathan, not knowing Jonathan's heart is knit to David
B. Jonathan appeals to reason, defending David's innocence before Saul
C. Application: Our gospel defense must appeal to reason
A. David again defeats the Philistines; the harmful spirit again comes upon Saul, who throws his spear at David
B. Michal helps David escape through the window and deceives Saul's messengers
C. The question of Michal's deception
D. Application: There are times when reason must give way to flight
A. David flees to Samuel at Ramah, to Naioth — the Hebrew word for tents, the apparent location of Samuel's school of prophets
B. Three successive groups of Saul's messengers are overcome by the Spirit and prophesy
C. What does this prophesying mean?
D. Irony and theological significance
E. Application: No matter how much the enemy appears to be winning, God sovereignly protects his anointed and his people
Scripture: Isaiah 9:6
A. The people described in darkness, gloom, and anguish leading into Isaiah 9
A. Christ is called Wonderful Counselor
B. Christ offers himself as the wonderful counselor
C. The danger of going within for wisdom
D. Christ as counselor teaches a new life
A. Christ is called Mighty God
B. Christ is a conqueror for the weak
C. Our true enemy is spiritual
D. The Mighty God has conquered and continues to fight
A. Christ is called Everlasting Father
B. His comfort is affectionate and knowing
C. His comfort is protective
D. His comfort is everlasting
A. Christ is called Prince of Peace
B. He has authority to make peace
C. Peace secured by the cross
D. The gifts of the Prince of Peace
A. The four names reveal the treasures on offer to all who trust in Christ
Scripture: John 1:14-18
Scripture: John 1:14-18
A. Jesus is the only Son from the Father — not son by adoption or covenant, but by nature and eternal being
B. Sonship in ancient Jewish culture carried the idea of function — to be a son of God is to act like God, to image God
A. John 1:14 — the Son's glory is described as "full of grace and truth," echoing Exodus 34:6 where God reveals his glory to Moses as merciful, gracious, and abounding in steadfast love (hesed)
B. The glory of God's hesed could not be seen in fullness while the law remained unfulfilled and sin remained undealt with
C. John 1:18 — the Son exegetes the Father; he interprets, exposes, and reveals the Father
A. John 1:16 — "grace in place of grace": a comparison of two administrations of God's covenant grace
B. The old covenant manifestations of grace gave way to covenant grace in its fullest and most glorious form in the incarnate Son
C. The Father himself is the fountainhead of grace — Christ's coming does not appease a different God but reveals who the Father has always been
Scripture: John 1:1-13
Scripture: John 1:1-13
A. Light and goodness are contrasted with darkness and evil throughout Scripture
B. Even in depravity, fallen humanity longs for goodness
C. Goodness is ultimately defined as God himself
A. Scripture connects light with wisdom, especially in the wisdom literature
B. The wisdom of Christ is available to all, regardless of social class or education
C. Christ relates to the lowly in order to lift them up — a warning against relativism in the church
D. The Son of a carpenter — Hebraic "son of" language denotes function, not merely biology
A. Light and glory are closely connected and often interchangeable throughout Scripture
B. John's prologue reveals something surprising beyond the Genesis creation account
C. The light of Day One in Genesis 1:3 is the Shekinah glory of God
D. The failure of the first Adam and the victory of the last Adam
E. The consummation: the Son is new creation's light
Scripture: 2 Peter 2:17-22
A. False teachers deprive like waterless springs
B. False teachers deceive like mists or fog
C. True freedom is found only in Christ
A. False teachers are apostates (2 Peter 2:20-22)
B. Two kinds of knowledge
C. The outward transformation of false teachers was never inward
A. The warning is not that a believer can lose salvation
B. The warning is to search our own hearts
C. Do not be deceived or deprived
Scripture: John 1:1-3,14
Scripture: John 1:1-3, 14
A. John opens with "in the beginning," deliberately echoing Genesis 1:1 to signal that the incarnation marks a new genesis — a new creation
B. The Greek preposition pros ("with") conveys deep personal communion and relationship between the Father and the Word in eternity past
C. The Word is the revelation of God throughout all of Scripture
A. John 1:1 makes two simultaneous claims about the Word
B. This is the orthodox Trinitarian position affirmed at the Council of Nicaea (AD 325): the Son is not the Father, but they are equal in power, glory, and divine being
C. The Son bears the divine name I AM
D. The Word is God and therefore possesses the power to create, save, restore, and order
E. The doctrine of man depends on the Word being God
A. John 1:14 — "The Word became flesh and dwelt among us"
B. "Dwelt" translates the Greek word for tabernacled — a deliberate connection to the Old Testament tabernacle and temple
C. The heart of the tabernacle/temple was the Holy of Holies, where the ark of the covenant held the Ten Commandments — literally the ten words — God's presence was bound up in his Word
D. Application — The Lord's Supper as feeding on the Word made flesh
Scripture: 1 Samuel 17:1-27
Scripture: 1 Samuel 17:1-27
A. The scene is set with Goliath's imposing presence and Saul's failure of nerve
B. This is a spiritual battle, not merely a physical one
C. The transition from Saul to David in verse 12 is deliberate and significant
D. David models quiet, obedient service while trusting God's timing
E. God's hidden providence orchestrates David's path to kingship
A. David's first recorded words reveal covenant vision (1 Samuel 17:26)
B. Circumcision was the covenant sign pointing to God's promises in Genesis 17
C. The Reformers and Puritans applied this principle to baptism for new covenant believers
Scripture: 1 Samuel 16:14-23
Scripture: 1 Samuel 16:14-23
A. The Spirit of the Lord departed from Saul (1 Samuel 16:14)
B. The Hebrew word for "evil" here carries the sense of harmful, distressing, and injurious — not necessarily moral evil or demon possession, but a unique and supernatural act of God
C. Saul's rebellion against God is the root cause
A. Saul's servants offer a correct diagnosis but a deficient remedy (1 Samuel 16:15-16)
B. Music is a sedative, not a cure — it treats the symptom, not the disease
C. The fall has brought mankind into an estate of sin and misery (Westminster Shorter Catechism Q. 17)
A. God's providence brings David into Saul's court (1 Samuel 16:17-23)
B. David is described not merely as a musician but as a man of valor, prudent in speech, and one with whom the Lord is present — his effect on Saul goes beyond entertainment
C. The presence of God's people provides a restraint on evil in the world
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