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Scripture: Daniel 12:4-13
Scripture: Daniel 12:4-13
A. The sealing of the book in Daniel 12:4 carries a double meaning
B. "Many shall run to and fro and knowledge shall increase" describes vain, wandering searching for truth apart from God's word
C. Daniel 12:10 — the wise are refined and made white through suffering, while the wicked remain in darkness
D. The saints are like lambs led to the slaughter (Romans 8:36) who will be like the Lion of Judah — but only through the way of the cross
A. The man clothed in linen (Daniel 10:5-6) is the pre-incarnate Son of God, whose appearance mirrors Christ in Revelation 1
B. He raises both hands toward heaven — an oath of oaths, conveying unusual strength and solemnity
C. Hebrews 6:13-18 — God swore by himself to Abraham since there was no one greater; his oath gives us strong encouragement to hold fast to the hope set before us
D. The oath is rooted in and confirmed by the cross
E. Acts 17 — God now commands all people everywhere to repent; the days of ignorance are past; the oath has been sealed in the Son's blood
A. The command "Go your way, Daniel" appears in Daniel 12:9 and again in Daniel 12:13
B. 1 Corinthians 7:20 — "Each one should remain in the condition in which he was called"
C. The promise to Daniel: "You shall rest and shall stand in your allotted place at the end of days" (Daniel 12:13)
D. The 1,335 days are a blip in the light of eternal glory — blessed are those who endure to the end
Scripture: Psalm 100:1-2
Scripture: Psalm 100:1-2
A. The Psalter is simultaneously the prayer book and the song book of the Bible
B. The Psalter functions as a mnemonic device, repeating the words and works of God to sink them into memory
C. Singing is a form of prayer — the Psalter is a prayer book sung to God
A. The Exodus is the seminal Old Covenant redemptive event, repeatedly recalled throughout the Psalter
B. Immediately after the Red Sea deliverance, God's people respond in song — Exodus 15:1: "Then Moses and the people of Israel sang this song to the Lord"
C. The Psalms of Ascent (Psalm 120–134) were sung by pilgrims ascending Mount Zion toward the temple presence of God at Passover, the Feast of Booths, and Pentecost
D. The cross is the new and greater Exodus
E. Singing is a covenant act — the covenantal/dialogical principle of worship
A. Jesus himself sang — Matthew 26:30 / Mark 14:26: at the Last Supper he sang the Hallel Psalms (Psalm 113–118) with his disciples, introducing the fourth Passover cup of praise
B. Christ continues to sing in heaven as our great high priest — Hebrews 2:10-12
C. When the church gathers for corporate worship, it joins the heavenly congregation described in Hebrews 12:22-24
D. Zephaniah 3:17 — "He will exult over you with loud singing" — the Father himself responds with singing over his redeemed people through the Son
Scripture: John 16:22-24
Scripture: John 16:22-24
A. Our old condition was spiritual death and enmity with God, as Paul describes in Ephesians 2:1-3: dead in trespasses and sins, children of wrath, at hostility with God.
B. Christ came to change our condition — God made believers alive together with Christ (Ephesians 2:4-5), bringing us from enmity into peace and fellowship with God.
C. In John 16:23, Jesus grounds his instruction on prayer in the monumental redemptive shift brought about by his resurrection and ascension — "in that day."
D. In that new age, Jesus' people would no longer ask him questions face to face, but would instead have a new and better way to pray: asking the Father in Jesus' name.
E. The grace of prayer: the believer gets to "name drop" Jesus — to ask the Father in Christ's name, through Christ, because of Christ. Archibald Alexander: prayer is a holy converse, a fellowship with God.
A. Praying "in Jesus' name" is not a magical formula; D. A. Carson explains that prayers in Jesus' name are prayers offered in thorough accord with all that his name stands for.
B. Union with Christ by faith means being brought deeper into conformity to Christ — his mind, his will, his loves, his longings (Philippians 2:5).
C. Even our best prayers are stained by sin — wrong motives, self-interest, creaturely ignorance about what is truly best.
D. The Spirit helps us in this weakness (Romans 8:26): the Spirit intercedes for us with groanings too deep for words, repackaging and interpreting our prayers to the Father according to the will of God.
E. This is connected to God's purpose to conform his people to the image of his Son (Romans 8:29): prayer both reflects the conformity to Christ already worked in us and further forms us into that conformity.
A. Jesus promises that whatever is asked of the Father in his name will be given (John 16:23-24); the same promise appears in Luke 11:9-10: "Ask and it will be given to you… everyone who asks receives."
B. Guy Richard (president of RTS Atlanta) notes that Jesus sometimes leaves such sweeping promises without qualification, because he wants us to feel the full weight of the promise: prayer works.
C. What about unanswered or long-delayed prayer? Some have abandoned faith over this; others have wrestled for years.
D. The parable of earthly fathers in Luke 11:11-13 illustrates God's fatherly goodness: earthly fathers do not give harmful things when good things are asked for; how much more the heavenly Father gives good things — supremely the Holy Spirit — to those who ask.
E. The goal of confident prayer is fullness of joy (John 16:24): "Ask and you will receive, that your joy may be full."
Scripture: Daniel 12:1-3
Scripture: Daniel 12:1-3
A. Context: verse 1 refers back to the time of Antichrist at the end of chapter 11, when the covenant people face intense persecution
B. Protection is grounded in election — those whose names are written in the Lamb's Book of Life are kept secure regardless of earthly suffering
C. "Nothing shall hurt you" does not mean freedom from physical suffering
D. Satan's true victory over Job would have been to make him curse God and die eternally — not merely to cause suffering
A. Daniel 12:2 contains the first explicit use of the phrase "everlasting life" in the Old Testament, refuting critical scholars who deny bodily resurrection in the Old Testament
B. This general resurrection is expounded by Christ in John 5:28-29 — all in the tombs will hear his voice; some rise to life, some to judgment
C. In Daniel's immediate context, the focus is on the covenant people
D. The word "dust" in verse 2 echoes Genesis 3:19 — "You are dust and to dust you shall return"
E. Death is the final enemy, destroyed at the bodily resurrection (1 Corinthians 15)
F. Sunday worship reflects new creation — we gather on the first day of the week because the eschaton has broken into the present with Christ's resurrection
A. Daniel 12:3 — the wise shine like the brightness of the sky; those who turn many to righteousness like the stars forever
B. Two dimensions of those who lead in righteousness
C. The neglect of Christian friendship as a blind spot in American Christianity
D. The corporate assembly is the starting point for mutual edification
E. Application: We are in the last hour; many antichrists are already in the world
Scripture: Daniel 11:21-45
Scripture: Daniel 11:21-45
A. Antiochus Epiphanes deified himself — his title Epiphanes means "God manifest," and he placed this on his coinage
B. The final Antichrist surpasses Antiochus: he exalts himself above every god (Daniel 11:36-37)
C. This reflects the original temptation of the serpent in the garden — "You will be like God" — the usurpation of God's throne
D. The Enlightenment illustrates this pattern: Reformation concepts of freedom and individuality, stripped of Christian foundations, become a vehicle for glorifying man apart from Christ
E. Antichrist is the intensification of counterfeit Christs already present — borrowing Christian concepts to draw worship to themselves (1 John 2:18)
A. Like Antiochus Epiphanes, Antichrist wages international war; the kings of the south and north (Daniel 11:40-45) represent world powers challenging him — not literal modern Egypt or Syria
B. His god is war itself — "the god of fortresses" (Daniel 11:38) is an idiom for war as his religion
C. Two wars are in view:
D. Those who conform to Antichrist receive honors and comfort; those who resist face destruction (Daniel 11:39)
E. The enmity originates in Genesis 3:15 — God placed enmity between the serpent's offspring and the woman's offspring
F. The spirit of Antichrist operates this way today: conform and keep your comfort; resist and face ruin
A. Antiochus Epiphanes used flattery to gain power (Daniel 11:21); many covenant people apostatized and became Hellenized
B. Antichrist similarly loads those who acknowledge him with honor (Daniel 11:39)
C. Edom, Moab, and Ammon (Daniel 11:41) — spared by Antichrist — symbolize those connected to the covenant people by birth but who are actually enemies of God
D. Antichrist separates wheat from chaff, sheep from goats — 1 John 2:19: "They went out from us, but they were not of us… that it might become plain that they are not of us"
E. As in Elijah's day, 7,000 who have not bowed the knee are illuminated by contrast with the surrounding darkness
F. God has sovereignly decreed this suffering (Daniel 11:36) as an instrument to expose those truly baptized and circumcised in the heart, not merely externally
A. 2 Thessalonians 2:9 — "The coming of the lawless one is by the activity of Satan"; Antichrist is Satan's servant, not the emperor
B. Genesis 3:15 — the people of God do battle with the offspring of the serpent, not Satan directly
C. Christ alone goes face to face with Satan:
D. The book of Job illustrates the point: in Job 1, God restrains Satan — "do not stretch out your hand against him." At the cross there is no such restraint; Satan touches Christ fully as sin-bearer
E. Christ's resurrection is the guarantee that Satan will never ultimately touch his people
F. Antichrist is only a minion — "one little word shall fell him": Christ
Scripture: Mark 14:22-25
Scripture: Mark 14:22-25
A. The Lord's Supper is instituted during the third cup of the Passover — the cup of redemption — which commemorated the blood of the lamb spread on the doorposts so that the angel of death would pass over Israel.
B. The Passover is not mere deliverance but redemption — God purchasing his people to himself as his firstborn son.
C. The firstborn theme runs throughout the New Testament and points to Christ as the true Passover.
D. At Gethsemane, Christ asks the Father to let the cup pass over him — Passover language — acknowledging himself as the Passover lamb for whom there is no substitute (Galatians 4:7).
E. At the table, believers feed on Christ by faith as their substitute and propitiation; they come not as those who are good enough, but as empty sinners whom Christ earnestly desires to feed (Luke 22:15).
A. In Scripture, covenants are often ratified and sealed by a shared meal between the covenant parties; Christ's words in Mark 14:24 — "This is my blood of the covenant" — invoke this pattern.
B. Christ is the fulfillment and substance of every covenantal administration in Scripture — the one covenant of grace.
C. Exodus 19–24 is instructive: the covenant enacted between God and Israel is ratified when Moses, Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu go up the mountain and eat and drink in God's presence (Exodus 24:11); immediately following come the tabernacle instructions — God dwelling in the midst of his people.
D. The Lord's Supper is not a bare memorial of an absent Christ but a covenant remembrance in the presence of the living Christ — more like a birthday celebration with the person present than a memorial service for the departed.
E. When believers gather at the table, they ascend not Mount Sinai but Mount Zion (Hebrews 12), eating and drinking in the presence of God through the face of the Son by the Spirit, just as the elders did in Exodus 24.
A. Stephen calls Israel in the wilderness the "church in the wilderness" (Acts 7:38); Paul in 1 Corinthians 10 says they ate spiritual food and drank spiritual drink from the spiritual rock, which was Christ.
B. There is continuity between the spiritual feeding of the old covenant church and the new covenant church: the same substance and source — Christ — feeds his people in every age (1 Corinthians 10:16-17).
C. Calling the supper a "spiritual meal" (as the Reformers following Calvin did) does not diminish it but enhances its sanctity.
D. The Lord's Supper is a wilderness feeding for a sojourning people (1 Corinthians 11:26 — "until he comes").
E. The supper is the appointed place where Christ himself meets his people — word and sacrament on the Lord's Day is the main event, the primary means by which God feeds and dwells with his covenant people, and ought to be the starting point rather than an afterthought in the life of the church.
Scripture: Acts 2:37–39
A. Baptism arises from Peter's Pentecost sermon in which he holds forth Christ crucified and risen, demonstrated from the Old Testament
B. Repentance flows from or together with faith in Christ
C. Baptism is a sign and seal of the covenant of grace
A. All Christians agree: a person coming to saving faith who has never been baptized should be baptized upon profession of faith (Acts 2:38)
B. Peter extends the promise further: "For the promise is for you and for your children and for all who are far off" (Acts 2:39)
C. The covenant sign has changed in form but not in principle
D. The children of believers are members of the covenant community
A. Baptism functions as a seal — it authenticates and confirms God's saving work
B. For every believer, baptism seals the promises of God personally
C. Application to covenant children baptized in infancy
Scripture: Daniel 11:1-20
Scripture: Daniel 11:1-20
A. Darius the Mede is most likely another name for Cyrus, the first great king of Persia
B. The fourth Persian king is Xerxes (Ahasuerus), known from the book of Esther
C. The mighty king of verse 3 is Alexander the Great of Greece
D. Two of the four divisions receive primary focus
A. Verses 5–12: Dominance of the South (Ptolemaic Egypt)
B. Verses 13–16: The Rise of Antiochus III and Seleucid Success
C. Verses 17–20: Seleucid Overreach and Decline
A. The God of the Hebrews declares the end from the beginning
B. Do not trust mortal kingdoms; trust the God who stands over them
C. The people of God are often helpless victims of world power struggles
D. The exile marks a decisive shift in redemptive history: the kingdom advances by the cross, not the sword
Scripture: Daniel 10
Scripture: Daniel 10
A. Daniel mourns and fasts for three weeks (Daniel 10:2-3), suffering because of the reversal of Cyrus's edict to rebuild Jerusalem
B. Daniel's prayer is one of humble seeking for understanding
C. God answers Daniel's prayer from the very first day (Daniel 10:12)
D. Application: In suffering, be confident that the God who loves you hears and answers prayer
A. The mysterious figure of Daniel 10:5-6 is the pre-incarnate Son of God
B. The figure connects to earlier imagery in Daniel
C. Daniel's and John's responses to the vision are nearly identical
D. The fear of God is a comforting doctrine for the suffering believer
A. The princes of Daniel 10:13 and 10:20 represent angelic beings engaged in heavenly warfare
B. The suffering of God's people will be ongoing — victory over Persia gives way to the battle against Greece
C. The heavenly battle is already being won
D. The believer's true battle is spiritual, not earthly
E. Application: In suffering, pray "Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven," trusting the conquering Christ who was slain but now lives and wins the victory for his saints — fear not, you are greatly loved
Scripture: Exodus 20:22-24
Scripture: Exodus 20:22-24
A. Scripture uses signs throughout redemptive history as meaningful, covenantally loaded markers.
B. A sign is not a bare piece of information — it carries the word of God bound up in it.
C. Modern evangelicalism has largely lost a serious understanding of the significance of the sacraments; they must be approached with reverence and faith, not treated as light or casual observances.
A. The distinction between sign and seal: the sign pictures the things signified; the seal actually does something — it confirms and solidifies God's word of promise to the heart of the believer.
B. Romans 4:11 — Abraham received circumcision as a seal of the righteousness he had by faith; it is not a seal of the individual's faith but a seal of God's word of promise, received by faith.
C. The Reformed position stands between two errors:
D. The rainbow illustrates the sealing function: given precisely when the promise of no future flood seems threatened, it seals and confirms the Noahic covenant to Noah's heart — Genesis 9:14-15
E. Acts 2:38-39 — baptism, like circumcision, is a seal of God's covenant promise to believers and their children, to be received by faith as Abraham received circumcision.
F. The "word versus sacrament" dichotomy common in evangelicalism is self-contradictory: the sacraments are designed to enhance, confirm, and seal the word; to be word-centered is to embrace the sacraments as seals of the covenant promise in Christ.
A. A right understanding of the sacraments begins with the foundational truth that God is a spirit with no body; nothing material can contain him — yet he is pleased to condescend and meet his people through material, physical means he himself appoints.
B. The second commandment forbids man-made images not because God cannot use material means, but because God alone sovereignly determines how he condescends and meets with his people — Exodus 20:22-24
C. The language of Exodus 20:24 ("wherever I cause my name to be remembered, I will come to you and bless you") directly parallels Christ's institution of the Lord's Supper ("do this in remembrance of me") — the God who is uncontainable spirit meets his people covenantally through divinely appointed ordinances.
D. 1 Corinthians 10:1-4 — Paul identifies the physical manna and the physical water from the rock as the same spiritual food and drink, because the spiritual rock was Christ; there is a real spiritual presence of Christ conveyed through the physical elements God covenantally appoints.
E. False alternatives that arise when this is misunderstood:
F. Summary: the sacraments are not idolatry (man containing God in man's way) but are God's own appointed means of meeting man in God's way; receiving them by faith is receiving Christ, because the gospel is signified, sealed, and spiritually applied to the soul through their rightful use.
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