Hyponatremia is decreased levels of sodium in the blood. It can be caused by inadequate sodium or excess free water which leads to lower concentration of sodium. Sodium and potassium work together to allow depolarization of muscles. Low sodium levels can limit this ability and cause muscle weakness. Sodium in the blood helps maintain the oncotic pressure. If fluid leaves the blood vessels, it can lead to decreased blood pressure.

Hypokalemia is LOW potassium, which starts with L. So the 6 L’s can help you recognize the signs and symptoms of LOW potassium or hypokalemia

The BONES store the most calcium – remember these words that rhyme with BONES to help you remember possible signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia.

Normal serum sodium levels are 134-145 mmol/L. Hypernatremia is defined as a serum sodium level exceeding 145 mmol/L. Think “fried food is salty”. Hypernatremia can be caused by too much sodium in the blood, but it also is caused by too little free water in the body. You must first assess the patient’s volume status before knowing how to treat appropriately. Hypernatremia signs can be very subtle, with changes in the level of consciousness typically being the earliest indicator. Sodium is closely related to blood pressure and blood volume. It is also necessary for muscle and nerve function.

Picture type O as a huge circle, like the universe, because they are the universal donor.  They can give to everyone.  However, also think of them as the “odd man out” because they can only receive type O as well.  They are universally odd, able to give to all but only receive from themselves!