One Mic Black History

The end of World War I fostered a new way of thinking for African Americans. Thousands of African Americans migrated from the Jim Crow South to the large industrial cities in the North. Within those cities, African Americans promoted a new sense of racial pride and economic independence, coined "The New Negro Movement."

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Onemichistory

Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance

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Juneteenth is annual holiday celebrating the emancipation of those who had been enslaved in the United States, its a mix of June and Nineteenth, Originating in Galveston, Texas, it is now celebrated annually on June 19 throughout the United States, with increasing official recognition. It is commemorated on the anniversary date of the June 19, 1865 announcement of General Order No. 3 by Union Army general Gordon Granger, proclaiming freedom from slavery in Texas.

Edit: This episode was recorded before Juneteenth became the 11th Federal Holiday.

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Sources:
African Americans : a concise history
By Hine, Darlene Clark
https://www.history.com/news/what-is-juneteenth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneteenth
https://www.nytimes.com/article/juneteenth-day-celebration.html
https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/what-is-juneteenth/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Juneteenth
https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/five-myths/juneteenth-holiday-five-myths/2020/06/18/4c19fff8-b0e1-11ea-8758-bfd1d045525a_story.html

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The entire 35 blocks of the Greenwood commercial district were completely destroyed. A total of 191 Black-owned businesses, several churches, a junior high school, and the district’s only hospital were lost. According to the Red Cross, 1,256 homes were burned with another 215 looted and vandalized. The Tulsa Real Estate Exchange estimated total real estate and personal property losses at $2.25 million, the equivalent of nearly $30 million in 2020.

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Sources:
Riot and remembrance
by James S. Hirsch
https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/tulsa-race-massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre
https://www.britannica.com/event/Tulsa-race-massacre-of-1921
https://tulsaworld.com/news/local/racemassacre/tulsa-race-massacre-in-aftermath-no-one-prosecuted-for-killings-and-insurance-claims-were-rejected/article_3ba23c3c-886d-5821-9970-02153261960a.html

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It was May, 30th 1921 and on this day Dick Rowland was on his way to the Drexel building. Which was mostly closed for the Memorial day holiday but the building had something that very few buildings in downtown Tulsa had. A colored restroom on the top floor, as Rowland walked toward the elevator. It was being operated by a 17 year old white woman by the name Sarah Page and he would step into history.

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Sources:
Riot and remembrance
by James S. Hirsch
https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/tulsa-race-massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre
https://www.britannica.com/event/Tulsa-race-massacre-of-1921
https://tulsaworld.com/news/local/racemassacre/tulsa-race-massacre-in-aftermath-no-one-prosecuted-for-killings-and-insurance-claims-were-rejected/article_3ba23c3c-886d-5821-9970-02153261960a.html

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Greenwood was named the town after another town called Greenwood, Mississippi. The first store was a grocery store on the corner of Archer and Greenwood ave. The community continued to grow along Archer st. attracting a real estate developer, a dentist, a black physician and a even ministers. Little by little JB Stradford's vision of a black business district took shape along Archer st. In 1905 the first school for black children opened in a Baptist church and by the time Oklahoma was a state Greenwood had two physicians, a newspaper and three grocers. The Greenwood area would be annexed in to Tulsa in 1909. It's residents believed greenwood represent a new freedom from the oppressive economy of the old south. A new life where whites were too busy making money to worried about putting blacks in their place. JB Stradford become the richest black man in Tulsa owned the largest black owned hotel in America. Between the 1910 and 1920 Tulsa black population surged from 2000 to 8873, and the black population resented only about 13 percent of Tulsa's total population.

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Sources:
Riot and remembrance
by James S. Hirsch
https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/tulsa-race-massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre
https://www.britannica.com/event/Tulsa-race-massacre-of-1921
https://tulsaworld.com/news/local/racemassacre/tulsa-race-massacre-in-aftermath-no-one-prosecuted-for-killings-and-insurance-claims-were-rejected/article_3ba23c3c-886d-5821-9970-02153261960a.html

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The Great Depression was the worst economic downturns in the industrialized world, While no group escaped the economic devastation of the Great Depression, few suffered more than African Americans. African Americans across the country already occupied a fragile position in the economy. By the late 1920s, the many African Americans toiled away as domestic servants, farmers, or service workers in jobs marked by low wages, weak job security, and questionable labor conditions. Approximately eleven million African Americans lived in the American South, where they principally used as sharecroppers, tenant farmers, and wage workers. only 10 percent of black southerners actually owned land, most cultivated crops on white-owned land and received a small share of the harvest. Black southerners were locked into this endless cycle of poverty, exploitation, malnutrition, disfranchisement and violence.

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Sources:
African Americans : a concise history
By Hine, Darlene Clark
www.history.com/news/last-hired-first-fired-how-the-great-depression-affected-african-americans
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_depression.html
https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-American/African-American-life-during-the-Great-Depression-and-the-New-Deal
https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/great-depression-and-world-war-ii-1929-1945/race-relations-in-1930s-and-1940s/
https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-632

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The United States vs. Billie Holiday is set primarily during the height of Holiday's career in the later period of the legendary jazz singer’s career up until her death in 1959. the movie draws from on Johann Hari’s bestseller Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs, which tells stories from the early days of the war on drugs and those caught up in that fight. The movie touches specifically on the chapter about the federal agents who targeted Billie Holiday. Though the movie’s timeline jumps between different points in her life and career. It mostly focuses on jazz singer Billie Holiday's battle with the United States government and Harry Anslinger, the first commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics over her efforts to sing "Strange Fruit," a song about lynching's in the South, and the attempts to suppress her by targeting her for her drug use. Throughout the movie, Holiday grapples with the weight of legal troubles, her past which contribute to her drug use, engages in a romance with an Jimmy Fletcher the black FBN agent tracking her, and her rises up to become a key figure in the early days of the modern Civil Rights Movement.

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Sources:
https://slate.com/culture/2021/02/billie-holiday-movie-true-story-accuracy.html
https://screenrant.com/united-states-vs-billie-holiday-true-story-accuracy-changes/
https://www.historyvshollywood.com/reelfaces/united-states-vs-billie-holiday/
https://collider.com/united-states-vs-billie-holiday-fact-fiction-true-story/

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Billie Holiday, one of the most famous of jazz singers of all time and was a superstar of her day. She first rose to prominence in the 1930’s with a unique style along with her emotional intensity, innovative techniques and touching songs reinvented the conventions of modern singing and performance but the Federal Government, self destructive personal struggles and substance abuse lend to her downfall.

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https://www.onemichistory.com/


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Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Holiday
https://billieholiday.com/
https://www.biography.com/musician/billie-holiday
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Billie-Holiday
https://www.ladyday.net/
https://www.biography.com/news/billie-holiday-strange-fruit
https://www.biography.com/news/billie-holiday-facts
https://www.biography.com/news/billie-holiday-narcotics-us-government#:~:text=Holiday's%20husband%20worked%20with%20the,%2C%E2%80%9D%20Mari%20wrote%20in%20Politico.

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This is a special collaboration with the Petri Dish Podcast, You can learn more about the scientific achievements of this pioneering chemist at the link below.

Petri Dish Podcast:
https://pod.link/1476940551

Percy Julian was a pioneering chemist who with only a 10th grade education went on to earn his Ph.D. His research into chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs was used to treat glaucoma and arthritis, although his race presented many challenges, he is regarded as one of the most influential chemists in American history.

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Black History Month is an annual celebration of the study and achievements of African Americans and a time when they weren't being recognized their central role in U.S. history. It was the predecessor to “Negro History Week,” which was the brainchild of the black historian Carter G. Woodson in 1915, In September Carter G. Woodson and the prominent minister Jesse E. Moorland founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, This organization was dedicated to researching and promoting the achievements of Black Americans and other peoples of African descent

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Sources:
Carter G. Woodson in Washington, D.C.: The Father of Black History
By Pero Gaglo Dagbovie
https://asalh.org/
https://time.com/4197928/history-black-history-month/
https://www.biography.com/scholar/carter-g-woodson
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson
https://web.archive.org/web/20110401191535/http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2005/June/20080207153802liameruoy0.1187708.html

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