The idea that Australia was invaded in 1788 is strangely controversial. A Google search for the phrase ‘Was Australia invaded’ provides an AI-generated answer claiming that ‘Australia has not experienced a full-scale foreign military invasion of its mainland’. The Wikipedia history of Australia makes no mention of invasion or indeed any warfare between between Aboriginal nations and the colonisers at all, and large numbers of articles ask ‘Was Australia invaded in 1788?’ as if the issue is somehow not obvious.

At the time the British Empire invaded Australia in 1788 however, no one was in any doubt as to what was happening. The first convicts came ashore escorted by a significant body of armed troops, the first structure built in the colony was a military one, and colonial authorities constantly referred to the fact that they were at war. For their part, Aboriginal people quickly realised that they were dealing with a military invasion of their land, and fought back heroically.

In this episode, we chat with historian Stephen Gapps, author of the pioneering book The Sydney Wars, about First Nations’ resistance to the invasion of Sydney. Contrary to claims that relations between the colonists and Aboriginal people were mostly peaceful after a short period of confusion and misunderstanding,The Sydney Wars shows how both sides were aware that they were involved in a war for survival. And contrary to accounts that depict the conflict as a one-sided series of massacres and Aboriginal defeats, Stephen’s research reveals that First Nations warriors used sophisticated military tactics and waged a protracted war of resistance across three decades that often had the invaders on the back foot.

You can buy The Sydney Wars here. Sign up to our Patreon now to have the chance to get a free copy of Stephen’s book and support our podcast! 

Opening and closing music courtesy of Glitter Rats. People’s History of Australia logo design courtesy of Nissenbaum Design design.

In contemporary Australian mass culture, it’s hard if not impossible to find any representation of life as it’s lived by the majority of the population. Few movies, plays, TV shows or documentaries reflect what it’s like spending most of your waking life working to make a boss rich, struggling to keep up with bills, or dealing with sexism, homophobia, racism, and other oppressions – and practically none depict things like going on strike or opposing fascism. With all major media and cultural production owned either by the government or huge corporations, this situation has prevailed throughout virtually the entire post-invasion history of Australia.

In the 1930s, though, a massive experiment was launched to create culture by and for ordinary working people – the New Theatre. Under the slogan ‘Art is a weapon’, the New Theatre put on thousands upon thousands of performances about and for ordinary working-class people, aiming to reflect and validate their lives and struggles, and encourage political activism. Its plays were about workers’ strikes, about protest movements, about fighting the far right, and about taking on racism, sexism and other oppressions. Rather than confining themselves to the halls of physical theatre buildings, New Theatre performers – who operated on a miniscule budget and were almost all unpaid – put on plays in factories, in parks, in people’s homes, inside coal mines, and on street corners. They used avant-garde theatrical techniques, pioneered egalitarian gender relations within their productions, and put on some of the most well-attended plays in Australian history. And yet despite this, the New Theatre has virtually vanished from Australian history.

In this episode, we chat with Lisa Milner, an academic and researcher of working-class cultural production, on her new book on the New Theatre. We discuss the extraordinary popularity and success of their productions, the efforts by the state to repress the New Theatre, and the ways that culture can help build and sustain radicalism and movements for change.

You can buy Lisa’s book on the New Theatre here. Sign up to our Patreon now to have the chance to get a free copy of Lisa’s book and support our podcast! 

Opening and closing music courtesy of Glitter Rats. People’s History of Australia logo design courtesy of Nissenbaum Design design.

From the 1880s until the 1980s, telephone operators were at the centre of the communications industry in Australia. Before the invention of the internet or mobile phones, virtually all telecommunication across the country and internationally took place through landline telephones. And operators, who connected calls to their intended destination, were completely essential to that process.

Employed first by the federal government and then by the government-owned corporation Telecom, operators worked in gruelling conditions – a predominantly female workforce, they were subject to low pay, a physically and mentally overwhelming pace of work, and consistent threats to their occupational health. For much of their history, they also had a union which refused to take up their interests and which saw itself as almost an arm of management. Then, in the 1970s and 1980s, this abruptly changed, and telephone operators became some of the most militant workers in Australia, staging inspiring strikes and work bans to fight for better conditions on the job.

In this episode, we talk with librarian, union activist and historian Jeff Rickertt about the extraordinary history of the telephonists. We explore how essential their work was to the everyday functioning of Australia’s economy, how the telephonists have been virtually erased from history, how it was that their union became completely co-opted and tamed by management, and how, beneath the surface of a seemingly quiescent workforce, resentment and resistance were always present, and were only waiting to explode into industrial militancy and activism.

You can read Jeff’s PhD thesis on the telephonists here. Sign up to our Patreon now to have the chance to get a free copy of Jeff’s history of the telephonists, Resistance on the line, which is currently retailing for $250. 

Opening and closing music courtesy of Glitter Rats. People’s History of Australia logo design courtesy of Nissenbaum Design design .

In the late 1960s and 1970s, a powerful and radical new movement arose in Australia challenging the widespread oppression that women faced across the country – the women’s liberation movement.

Women in Australia in this era had plenty to fight about. It was illegal to get an abortion, and divorce was extremely difficult to obtain. Married women were barred from holding jobs in the public service, and were officially and unofficially excluded from a huge range of industries and occupations. Paid parental leave didn’t exist, and there was no support for single parents. Women weren’t even allowed in pubs – if women wanted to drink, they had to go and sit in a segregated “ladies’ lounge” out the back.

Some things however were perfectly legal. It was completely legal for a husband to rape or sexually assault his wife, since marriage was taken to automatically imply consent at all times forever. It was also entirely legal for employers to pay women less than men for doing the same job – ads for jobs would display the male rate of pay for the position, and then the female rate of pay for the position, which was 75% of the male rate. Added to this was a pervasive everyday culture of public sexism and misogyny that touched all areas of life.

Fortunately, tens of thousands of women across the country stood up and fought back, fighting for both reforms and for a new kind of society. In this episode, we chat with Janey Stone, who was involved in the women’s liberation movement both in the US and Australia, about this incredible era.

You can check out Interventions, the Australian radical publishing house which is led by Janey, here, as well as the Interventions book in which Janey mentions, Rebel Women, here. You can read some of Janey’s other recent writings here, while you can watch a short interview with Janey’s mother Rose about her life and activism here.

Check out our upcoming full-day festival on 15 March 2025, Radical Sydney!, here.

We now also have a new Patreon account and you can subscribe to support us here!

Opening music courtesy of Glitter Rats, closing music courtesy of the Victorian Trade Union Choir. People’s History of Australia logo design courtesy of Nissenbaum Design.

Throughout Australian history, non-white migrant workers have consistently been stereotyped as docile, submissive, and willing to work for extremely low wages. Nowhere has this been more true than for Chinese workers in Australia, who from the 19th century until the present day have been demonised for their alleged enthusiasm for undercutting white workers and happily embracing terrible working conditions.

Fortunately, these racist myths are precisely that – myths. From the arrival of the first Chinese migrants in the early 19th century, Chinese workers in Australia have an extraordinary history of rebelling, resisting, going on strike, and collectively fighting against their employers for better wages and better working conditions. Chinese workers conducted what was possibly the first strike in the history of Queensland, were active participants in the mass goldfield rebellions of the 1850s, formed unions and went on strike again and again, and consistently declared their solidarity with the struggles of working people across Australia and across the world.

To talk about this amazing history that has been virtually hidden and ignored, we’re joined in this episode by Liam Ward, a filmmaker and academic at RMIT University in Melbourne, who has researched and publicised some of the stories of Chinese workers in Australia and their struggles.

You can read some of Liam’s work about anti-Chinese racism and the struggles of Chinese workers in Australia here and here.

Check out our upcoming full-day festival on 15 March 2025, Radical Sydney!, here.

We now also have a new Patreon account and you can subscribe to support us here!

Opening and closing music courtesy of Glitter Rats. People’s History of Australia logo design courtesy of Nissenbaum Design.

When Australia was invaded in 1788, the new colony’s nascent ruling class deployed violence and repression on two fronts. On one side of the frontier, the colonial administration used troops and pastoralists to wage genocidal war against Aboriginal nations, and on the internal side of the frontier, very often the same troops and the same pastoral employers were then used to repress and crush uprisings by convicts and workers. Whilst the degree of violence and brutality was certainly different, the two groups’ enemies appeared to be the same – the employers and the colony’s ruling class as a whole.

Unfortunately, racism has proven to be a remarkably effective weapon throughout Australian history, and despite often sharing the same enemies, there is minimal history of joint struggle between white workers and Aboriginal people during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, and workers and their unions were in fact often extremely hostile towards non-white workers.

In the 1930s, however, things suddenly began to change. For the first time ever, mass meetings of predominantly white union members began passing motions declaring their solidarity with Aboriginal resistance. White unemployed workers fought alongside unemployed Aboriginal workers. And a huge campaign took shape across the country, with the participation of thousands of white workers, against frontier massacres and violence. At the same time, radical left-wing theory began arguing that Aboriginal people and every other working-class person in Australia had a shared interest in opposing racism and waging united struggles together.

To talk about this incredible history and how such a remarkable change took place, we’re joined in this episode by Paddy Gibson, an activist, academic and historian, who discusses socialist anti-racist theory in the 19th century, its flaws and how it was modified and challenged by the Communist Part of Australia during 20th century, and the amazing campaigns led by the Communist Party against anti-Aboriginal racism during the 1920s and 1930s.

You can read Paddy’s PhD thesis here, and you can listen to other talks given by Paddy here.

Opening and closing music courtesy of Glitter Rats. People’s History of Australia logo design courtesy of Nissenbaum Design.

Since it was founded in the 1920s, BHP’s Port Kembla steelworks has completely dominated the town of Wollongong, employing over 25,000 workers at its peak and physically towering over the city.

For much of its existence, the steelworks also systematically discriminated against women. Company management deliberately confined women to only the lowest-paying jobs, refused to employ women as steelworkers, and made up arbitrary rules to keep women out – all while constantly advertising for new jobs.

In the 1970s, women in Wollongong decided to fight back. They protested, chained themselves to the gates of the steelworks, and sneaked in and stayed for overnight shifts with the support of male steelworkers. Then, in 1980, activists stepped up the pressure and began a largescale Jobs for Women campaign that involved thousands of workers, led to a protest encampment being set up outside the steelworks, and witnessed mass rallies for women’s rights in the centre of Wollongong. Shortly afterwards, BHP buckled and hired over 300 women steelworkers, and committed to ending discriminatory hiring practices. JfW activists then launched the first anti-discrimination class action case in Australian history, which led to them being awarded $1.4 million in damages.

To talk about this amazing struggle, we’re joined by socialist activist Diana Covell, a founding member of the Jobs for Women campaign and a former steelworker at Port Kembla. Diana talks about her history as an activist across a range of now-famous campaigns, about the Jobs for Women campaign, and about the humour, joy and camaraderie of fighting alongside her fellow campaigners.

Diana has written about the Jobs for Women campaign in the 2019 anthology The far left in Australia since 1945, which you can purchase here. You can also read a journal article written by Diana about the JfW campaign and a similar struggle in Canada here. Diana will also soon be releasing a book about the JfW struggle, so stay tuned for that!

Opening music courtesy of Glitter Rats. Closing music, ‘The Giant Feels Their Sting’, courtesy of Sue Edmonds, who wrote the song to celebrate the court victory against BHP while working as Artist in Residence at the South Coast Labour Council. People’s History of Australia logo design courtesy of Nissenbaum Design.

In mid-2016, the University of Sydney abruptly announced that it would be closing Sydney College of the Arts, its internationally-renowned arts school. Within the space of a few months, the school, which had produced scores of famous graduates and offered an almost unique education in visual and fine arts, would be closing its doors, its staff would be terminated, and all of its students would be shunted off to another university to finish out their degrees.

Fortunately, students at SCA had completely different ideas about the future of their school. Students responded with explosive fury, howling down university officials and virtually chasing them out of meetings, storming the university senate, holding vibrant mass meetings, and staging a student strike that virtually closed SCA. Then, in a final dramatic culmination, students invaded the SCA administration building, barricaded themselves inside, and vowed that they would not leave until SCA was saved.

In this episode, we chat with Kelton Muir, a historian and Let SCA Stay activist who’s written an honours thesis about the SCA campaign.

You can read Kelton’s thesis here, and you can watch several amazing long-form videos captured during the SCA campaign here and here.

We’re also hosting a party to launch this podcast episode, featuring a panel of SCA activists! It’s on Wednesday 8 May at 6.30pm at Sydney Trades Hall. All welcome! You can find more details and invite others on the Facebook event.

Opening and closing music courtesy of Glitter Rats. People’s History of Australia logo design courtesy Nissenbaum Design.

In November 1975, the elected Labor Party government of Australia was sacked without notice by Sir John Kerr, the governor-general. Having single-handedly gotten rid of the elected government, Sir John then personally appointed a new government of his own choosing led by Malcolm Fraser and the Liberal Party.

The dismissal – or the Kerr Coup as many referred to it – was one of the most dramatic events in Australian history, and ushered in a period of intense social conflict. For the next eight years, Malcolm Fraser’s prime ministership was marked by general strikes, high levels of industrial disputes and working-class militancy, riots in the streets, powerful environmental campaigns, and vibrant social movements against the oppression of women, LGBTQ people, Aboriginal people and migrants.

The Fraser era is full of incredible stories, and ripe with lessons for struggles today, and these have been catalogued in the brilliant and recently republished book Years of Rage: Social Conflicts in the Fraser Era, by Tom O’Lincoln. Very sadly, Tom has recently passed away, but we’re lucky enough in this episode to be joined by Diane Fieldes, a socialist activist and historian, to discuss the Fraser years and the movements that arose during this period.

We highly recommend purchasing a copy of Years of Rage, which you can do here.

We’re also running a small fundraiser for our podcast! You can find out more and donate here.

Opening and closing music courtesy of Glitter Rats. People’s History of Australia logo design courtesy of Nissenbaum Design.

When the British Empire invaded Australia in 1788, the colony’s new ruling class had a problem – there was no pre-existing working class in Australia waiting around to work for them. Governments and employers could establish all of the farms, workshops, factories and other workplaces that they liked, but without people who had no alternative but to work for them, they were never going to get very far.

Aboriginal people had little inclination to spend all day working to enrich white masters when they could simply work for themselves and their communities, and while a vast and dispossessed English working class existed, the wages needed to entice workers to the opposite end of the world would have been prohibitively high. The authorities’ solution was to to bring over 160,000 convict prisoners to Australia against their will in order to form the colony’s initial labour force, and they subjected them to brutal working conditions and punishments to secure their obedience.

Convicts, however, rebelled on a massive scale against their conditions. In spite of incredible risks, they rioted, went on strike, ran away and became bushrangers, carried out sabotage, and engaged in hundreds of thousands of low-level acts of individual and collective resistance. In the process, they made convictism so expensive that it could no longer be continued, and they laid the basis for unions and for the workers’ movement in Australia.

In this episode, we interview Michael Quinlan, an academic at the University of New South Wales and co-author with Hamish Maxwell-Stewart of Unfree workers: insubordination and resistance in convict Australia, about the resistance of convict workers to the regime they worked under. Michael and Hamish’s work represents the culmination of decades of research, and is one of the only books to cover such a momentously important topic.

You can buy Unfree workers online here, and you can also purchase Michael’s (more affordable) Origins of worker mobilisation here.

Opening and closing music courtesy of Glitter Rats. People’s History of Australia logo design courtesy of Nissenbaum Design.