After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* To understand the basics of a Therapeutic Drug Monitoring service

* To describe and understand how changes in physiology effect the pharmacokinetics of drugs in the very young and the elderly

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* Describe the need and techniques for separation of a drug from the experimental matrix

* Describe methods use to quantitate drug concentrations

* Understand the Advantages and Disadvantages of some these methods

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* To understand the different types of concentration - effect relationships

* To understand the mathematical relationships involved with direct reversible pharmacological effect kinetics

* To understand the development and use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* Understand the use of computer programs such as Boomer for non-linear regression analysis of pharmacokinetic data

* Consider Bayesian analysis of clinical data

* Understand the use of computer programs such as NONMEM for non-linear regression analysis of population pharmacokinetic data

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* To draw the scheme and write the differential equations for compartmental pharmacokinetic models with non-linear metabolism elimination

* To understand the process of parallel pathways as it applies with one or more non-linear pathways

*To define and use the parameters Vm and Km

* To design and calculate appropriate dosage regimens when non-linear pharmacokinetics apply

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* To understand and use the non compartmental approach to parameter estimation

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* To draw the scheme and write the differential equations appropriate to a multi-compartment pharmacokinetic model

* To recognize and use the integrated equations for these models to calculate parameter values and for dosage regimen calculations

* To calculate the parameters of these models using the method of residuals

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* To understand and describe the processes by which drugs are distributed throughout the body

* To understand the effect of protein binding on drug distribution and methods by which protein binding is measured

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* be able to describe the various processes by which a drug may be metabolized including Phase 1 and 2 reactions

* be able to describe the role of pharmacogenomics in drug metabolism and drug response

* understand the effect of induction of drug metabolism

* understand the role of inhibition of metabolism on drug interactions

* be able to define the parameters:

* * hepatic clearance

* * hepatic/liver blood flow

* * extraction ratio

* * free intrinsic clearance

* understand the relationship between the parameters hepatic clearance, hepatic blood flow, fraction unbound, and free intrinsic clearance and be able to discuss the venous equilibration model

* be able to discuss the differences between flow limited and capacity limit metabolism/drugs

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* be able to describe the various routes by which a drug may be excreted from the body

* understand the parameter renal clearance and its relationship with the excretion processes in the kidney

* understand the influence of renal disease on drug elimination

* be able to calculate suitable drug dosage regimen for patients with impaired renal function based on a Cpaverage or a Cpmin/Cpmax approach