After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* be able to use the integrated equations for multiple oral dose administration to calculate plasma concentration or calculate appropriate multiple dose regimen

* be able to define, use, and calculate the parameter:

* * average plasma concentration,

* be able to use the Cpaverage equation to calculate or adjust an appropriate dosing regimen

* be able to use the superposition principle to calculate Cp after non uniform IV or oral dosing regimen

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* understand and be able to describe drug accumulation after repeated dose administration

* be able to use the integrated equations for drug concentration after multiple IV bolus doses

* be able to calculate suitable dosing regimens including loading dose, maintenance dose, and dosing interval

* be able to define, use, and calculate the parameters:

* * dosing interval, τ

* * accumulation factor, R

* * maximum plasma concentration, Cpmax

* * minimum plasma concentration, Cpmin

* be able to calculate suitable multiple dose regimen to achieve desired Cpmin and Cpmax values

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* be able to describe various dosage forms and the expected bioavailability and pharmacokinetci consequences of each dosage form

* be able to describe formulation components which affect the oral absorption of drug products

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* be able to describe the physical-chemical factors that affects oral absorption

* be able to describe the pH-partition hypothesis as it applies to drug absorption and estimates values of Brodies D value

* be able to describe Fick's first law as it applies to drug dissolution

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* be able to describe membrane structure and how it might effect drug transport

* be able to describe the differences between passive, facilitated and active transport

* be able to describe the effect of parameters of Fick's first law on passive drug transport across membranes

* be able to describe the relationship between GI physiology and drug absorption including changes in stomach emptying time and the presence of food

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* be able to define various terms relating to bioavailability studies

* be able to describe some of the past problems with bioavailability

* be able to describe a typical bioavailability study

* be able to evaluate data derived from a bioavailability study

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* be able to calculate ka using

* * the method of Inspection

* * the method of Residuals including

* * * drawing the Cplate line

* * * estimating the residual values

* * * drawing the residual line (and possibly rescaling the time axis)

* * the method of Wagner and Nelson

and describe when each method may be most appropriate

* be able to calculate F using plasma (AUC) or urine (U∞) data

* understand the difference between absolute and relative bioavailability and be able to convert between these values

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* be able to draw the scheme and write the differential equations for a one compartment pharmacokinetic model with first order absorption

* be able to use the integrated equations for this pharmacokinetic model to calculate parameter values and dosing regminens

* be able to define, use, and calculate the parameters:

* * absorption rate constant, ka

* * fraction absorbed, bioavaialability, F

* * time of peak concentration, tpeak

* * maximum plasma concentration, Cpmax

* be able to describe the effect of changing ka and/or F values on plasma concentration versus time curves including

* * with altered liver function on first-pass metabolism

* * with improved drug absorption through reformulation

* * with different dosage forms such solution, tablets and controlled release tablets

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* be able to describe various routes of drug administration including the concentration versus time profile that might expected from thier administration

* be able to describe the advantages and disadvantages of various routes of drug administration

After completing the material in this chapter each student should:-

* be able to draw the schemes and write the differential equations for a one compartment pharmacokinetic model after IV infusion administration

* be able use the integrated equations for drug concentrations during and after an IV infusion administration to calculate parameter values and suitable dosing regimens including IV infusion alone, fast/slow IV infusion or infusion/bolus dosage regimens

* be able to calculate kel and V from data collected after a single IV infusion

* be able to define, use, and calculate the parameters:

* * k0 (infusion rate constant)

* * D (infusion duration)