This episode examines physicist Roger Penrose's extremely wild and imaginative theory for explaining the ridiculously improbable order of the Big Bang without invoking an intelligent cause. Penrose describes the tremendous problem of explaining the unlikely Big Bang as follows:

In order to produce a universe resembling the one in which we live, the Creator would have to aim for an absurdly tiny volume of the phase space of possible universes – about 1/10^10^123 of the entire volume...This is an extraordinary figure. One could not possibly even write the number down in full...

When Penrose speaks about the Creator, he means it metaphorically, as he doesn’t believe in God. This episode shows how Penrose’s theory - Conformal Cyclic Cosmology - attempts to explain the improbable order of the Big Bang without an intelligent Creator, and ultimately justifies why we think the argument for an intelligent cause still stands.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

2:02 - Introduction

3:32 - Conformal Cyclic Cosmology

8:16 - The Universe Loses Track of Time….

13:56 - Disappearance of Mass

20:36 - Hawking Radiation and Entropy Transcendence

25:54 - Evaluation Conformal Cyclic Cosmology

30:10 - Outro

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Our universe’s initial state was incredibly unlikely, and if it were even slightly different, nothing would exist except for black holes. This episode discusses physicist Paul Steinhardt’s theory of Bouncing Cosmology which attempts to explain this unlikely beginning without requiring either an infinite varied multiverse or an intelligent cause. This theory is so wild and imaginative that we really had to struggle to come up with analogies to make it understandable to everyone. But we did. And these might just be our best analogies yet.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

1:39 - Introduction

5:14 - Cyclic Cosmology

8:49 - Entropy Density

14:46- Bouncing Cosmology

21:21 - Changing Dark Energy

25:11 - Evaluating Bouncing Cosmology

27:19 - Outro

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Biologist Richard Dawkins, in his book, The Blind Watchmaker, wrote the following:

The theory of evolution by cumulative natural selection is the only theory we know of that is, in principle, capable of explaining the existence of organized complexity. Even if the evidence did not favour it, it would still be the best theory available.

In this episode, we discuss physicist Lee Smolin’s attempt to extend natural selection from biology and apply it to the cosmos as a whole in order to explain fine tuning in physics. We start by discussing black holes and baby universes and end with what Smolin calls the meta-laws dilemma.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

0:48 - Introduction

1:39 - Alternative Theories

4:27 - Biological and Cosmological Natural Selection

8:51 - The Three Premises of Cosmological Natural Selection

18:30 - Not a Genuine Multiverse

21:22 - Problems With All Three Premises

27:56 - Smolin’s False Prediction

29:53 - The Fine Tuned Meta-Law

33:22 - Summary of Problems with Cosmological Natural Selection

35:20 - The Meta-law Dilemma

44:05 - Outro

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Multiverse scientists deviate from the longstanding scientific method, grounded in predictions and observations, by positing infinitely many unobservable parallel universes to explain fine tuning. They have subtly switched to a mathematically formulated philosophical theory about an infinite multiverse to explain the fine tuning of our one ordered universe. This episode justifies why the multiverse is not science, and supports this assertion through the words of prominent scientists who attempt to defend the esteem of science from the multiverse’s corrosive effects.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

0:50 - Introduction

1:40 - Evaluating the Eternal Inflation/String Theory Multiverse

3:33 - Eternal Inflation Makes No Predictions Because of its Infinities

8:50 - String Theory Makes No Predictions

15:03 - All Multiverse Theories Fail to Make Predictions

17:31 - Redefining Science

22:30 - Redefining Science Won’t Help, But It Will Hurt

29:31 - Multiverse Scientists’ Disdain Towards Philosophy

31:28 - Why it Matters if Multiverse Corrupts Science

34:37 - Multiverse is Not Science but is Bad Philosophy

36:28 - Outro

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The scientific method has been the key to the great success of science over the past 300 years, and it’s incredibly important to distinguish it from the philosophical method. You probably learned about the scientific method in 5th grade, and might be surprised we’re doing an episode on it. But times are changing. There’s now a serious controversy in the scientific community about whether it’s time to change the definition of science to accommodate the multiverse under the banner of science.

That’s a truly shocking development.

In this episode, we present a clear formulation of the scientific and philosophical methods so you can judge for yourself whether the multiverse is science or philosophy.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

1:42 - Introduction

3:52 - The Scientific Method

8:28 - Why Following the Scientific Method is so Important

9:08 - Rejecting False Theories

13:10 - Accepting True Theories

15:46 - The Philosophical Method

21:54 - Science-Based Philosophy

25:24 - Multiverse is Science-Based Philosophy

27:40 - Multiverse is Not a Good Philosophical Theory

30:06 - Value of Good Science-Based Philosophy

32:22 - Multiverse Scientists Claim Multiverse is Science

34:09 - Outro

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If you thought multiverse scientists have difficulty explaining the fine tuning of the constants without God, you won’t believe the trouble they have explaining away the designed laws of nature. The mathematical multiverse solution to the design of the laws is so outlandish it makes a standard multiverse look tame by comparison. It’s really the ultimate multiverse theory - and it runs directly into the ultimate meta-measure problem.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

1:30 - Introduction

4:34 - The Mathematical Universe Hypothesis

10:03 - Evidence for the Mathematical Multiverse

12:10 - Are Simple Laws of Nature Typical?

16:12 - Another Designed Measure

18:41 - The Meta-Measure Problem

23:03 - The Difference between Science and Mathematics

28:25 - The Relationship between Science and Mathematics

31:26 - Why Science Needs God

35:28 - Outro

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In an infinite multiverse, the need to calculate if our universe is typical leads directly to the devastating three-layered measure problem: ad hoc measures are bad ideas to begin with, all intuitive measures don’t work, and even if multiverse scientists were to find a contrived measure that did work, it would beg the question of what fine tuned and designed it?

While multiverse theory is plagued by many issues, the measure problem is unique. It conclusively demonstrates the multiverse’s failure to explain fine tuning and, for that matter, to explain anything at all. Once you understand the full scope of this problem, you’ll see why the multiverse fails as a good scientific theory, even in multiverse scientists’ framework.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

0:48 - Intro

1:41 - From a Naive Multiverse to the Measure Problem

4:17 - The Three Layered Measure Problem

 - 5:22 1. Ad Hoc Measures

 - 9:00 2. Intuitive Measures Don’t Work 

 - 15:45 3. Fine Tuned Measures

22:02 - The Scope of the Measure Problem

22:32 - The Measure Problem Applies to Any Infinite Multiverse

23:47 - Problems with a Finite Multiverse

29:08 - The Significance of the Measure Problem

32:53 - Outro

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In previous episodes, we discussed the multiverse's sole "prediction" that we are typical observers in a typical universe. However, this ignored the major problem that it doesn't seem possible for an infinite varied multiverse to use probabilities to make any prediction whatsoever because there are an infinite number of copies of every possible universe!

To get around this problem, multiverse scientists use something called measures to compute probabilities in an infinite multiverse and then determine what a typical universe looks like. They thereby attempt to rescue multiverse theory from the fatal flaws of a naive multiverse, but end up running directly into the measure problem we'll discuss next time.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

0:57 - Introduction

1:50 - From a Naive Multiverse to Measures

5:07 - The Problem of Infinities and Probabilities

7:50  -Measures

13:39 - True and False Predictions

16:48 - The Boltzmann Brain Measure

21:03 - Outro

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The Boltzmann Brain problem – the multiverse's prediction that you are a randomly fluctuated brain with false memories – sounds like a ridiculous problem. In a sense, it is. But it's nevertheless a major challenge for the multiverse which claims we are typical observers. The Grand Universe problem – the sheer splendor and grandeur of our immense universe – likewise presents a significant question for the multiverse’s claim that our universe is typical. These problems cast serious doubt on the multiverse’s third premise – that we are typical observers in a typical universe with intelligent life.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

1:32 - Introduction

2:23 - Summary of Last Two Episodes 

5:05 - Boltzmann Brain Problem

10:16 - Why Does It Matter If You’re a Boltzmann Brain?

14:48 - The Grand Universe Problem

20:20 - A Historical Irony

23:43 - The Need for Justification

29:38 - Outro

Get essay versions of all episodes in Season 1: Intelligent Cause and Season 2: Analyzing & Rejecting Multiverse

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This episode discusses something many people fail to mention about the multiverse - that it actually makes a prediction.

Well, sort of. You can probably guess that a theory about an infinite number of unobservable parallel universes can’t make a conventional prediction in the standard scientific sense. But with this “prediction”, you’ll see how multiverse scientists can avoid the three problems that plague a naive multiverse.

While this episode is incredibly important for understanding the multiverse, it’s more complicated than the last one. But don’t worry - we have a marble analogy that makes everything crystal clear.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

1:14 - Introduction

2:06 - Reviewing the Three Problems with a Naive Multiverse

4:27 - The Typical Universe Premise

10:06 - A Typical Universe is a Prediction of Multiverse

13:35 - The Marbles Analogy

21:03 - Avoiding the Problems

24:50 -  An Unconventional Prediction

27:18 - Outro

Get essay versions of all episodes in Season 1: Intelligent Cause and Season 2: Analyzing & Rejecting Multiverse

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