Have you ever wondered what happens when a toddler gets into something they definitely shouldn’t? Today, Dr. Monica Gray, Dr. Pradip Kamat, and Dr. Rahul Damania discuss the case of an 18-month-old boy who accidentally ingested concentrated bleach, presenting with stridor, drooling, and vomiting. They review the clinical approach to caustic ingestions in children, including airway management, diagnostic workup, and the roles of endoscopy, steroids, and multidisciplinary care. The episode also highlights potential complications such as esophageal strictures and cancer, emphasizes prevention strategies, and provides key takeaways for intensivists managing similar pediatric emergencies. If you’re an intensivist or just want to know what to do in a pediatric emergency, don’t miss these essential takeaways for managing one of the scariest situations in the ER.

Show Highlights:

• Case study of an 18-month-old boy who ingested concentrated bleach
• Clinical presentation including symptoms like stridor, drooling, and vomiting
• Management strategies for caustic ingestions in children
• Importance of airway management and monitoring in cases of caustic ingestion
• Diagnostic workup including imaging and endoscopy
• Differential diagnosis considerations for similar presentations (e.g., button batteries, laundry detergent pods)
• Mechanism of injury caused by alkaline substances like bleach
• Long-term complications associated with caustic ingestions, such as esophageal strictures and cancer
• Multidisciplinary approach to treatment involving various medical specialties
• Prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of accidental caustic ingestions in children

References:

• American Academy of Pediatrics – Pediatric Care Online: Esophageal Caustic Injury (AAP clinical guidance on caustic ingestions).
• Fuhrman & Zimmerman’s Pediatric Critical Care textbook – Chapters on toxicology and gastrointestinal emergencies (covering caustic injury management and critical care approach).
• Hoffman RS, et al. “Ingestion of Caustic Substances.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2020; 382(18):1739-1748. A comprehensive review of caustic ingestion injuries and management.
• Arnold M, Numanoglu A. “Caustic ingestion in children – a review.” Semin Pediatr Surg. 2017;26(2):95-104. Review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of caustic injuries in kids.
• Johnson CM, Brigger MT. “The public health impact of pediatric caustic ingestion injuries.” Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;138(12):1111-1115. (Epidemiology study showing declining incidence).
• Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (PCCM) Journal – various case reports and series on caustic ingestion (for case-based insights), and annual National Poison Data System reports (for statistics on pediatric poisonings).
• Tringali A, et al. ESGE/ESPGHAN Pediatric GI Endoscopy Guidelines (Endoscopy, 2017) – Includes recommendations for endoscopy timing and steroid use in caustic ingestions.
• Usta M, et al. “High doses of methylprednisolone in the management of caustic esophageal burns.” Pediatrics. 2014;133(6):E1518-24. (Key study demonstrating steroids benefit in grade 2b injuries).
• Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne – Clinical Practice Guidelines: Caustic Ingestions (2019) – Practical hospital guidelines emphasizing early intubation for airway threat, endoscopy within 24h, IV PPI, and supportive care.

Have you ever wondered what happens when a toddler gets into something they definitely shouldn’t? Today, Dr. Monica Gray, Dr. Pradip Kamat, and Dr. Rahul Damania discuss the case of an 18-month-old boy who accidentally ingested concentrated bleach, presenting with stridor, drooling, and vomiting. They review the clinical approach to caustic ingestions in children, including airway management, diagnostic workup, and the roles of endoscopy, steroids, and multidisciplinary care. The episode also highlights potential complications such as esophageal strictures and cancer, emphasizes prevention strategies, and provides key takeaways for intensivists managing similar pediatric emergencies. If you’re an intensivist or just want to know what to do in a pediatric emergency, don’t miss these essential takeaways for managing one of the scariest situations in the ER.

Show Highlights:

• Case study of an 18-month-old boy who ingested concentrated bleach
• Clinical presentation including symptoms like stridor, drooling, and vomiting
• Management strategies for caustic ingestions in children
• Importance of airway management and monitoring in cases of caustic ingestion
• Diagnostic workup including imaging and endoscopy
• Differential diagnosis considerations for similar presentations (e.g., button batteries, laundry detergent pods)
• Mechanism of injury caused by alkaline substances like bleach
• Long-term complications associated with caustic ingestions, such as esophageal strictures and cancer
• Multidisciplinary approach to treatment involving various medical specialties
• Prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of accidental caustic ingestions in children

References:

• American Academy of Pediatrics – Pediatric Care Online: Esophageal Caustic Injury (AAP clinical guidance on caustic ingestions).
• Fuhrman & Zimmerman’s Pediatric Critical Care textbook – Chapters on toxicology and gastrointestinal emergencies (covering caustic injury management and critical care approach).
• Hoffman RS, et al. “Ingestion of Caustic Substances.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2020; 382(18):1739-1748. A comprehensive review of caustic ingestion injuries and management.
• Arnold M, Numanoglu A. “Caustic ingestion in children – a review.” Semin Pediatr Surg. 2017;26(2):95-104. Review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of caustic injuries in kids.
• Johnson CM, Brigger MT. “The public health impact of pediatric caustic ingestion injuries.” Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;138(12):1111-1115. (Epidemiology study showing declining incidence).
• Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (PCCM) Journal – various case reports and series on caustic ingestion (for case-based insights), and annual National Poison Data System reports (for statistics on pediatric poisonings).
• Tringali A, et al. ESGE/ESPGHAN Pediatric GI Endoscopy Guidelines (Endoscopy, 2017) – Includes recommendations for endoscopy timing and steroid use in caustic ingestions.
• Usta M, et al. “High doses of methylprednisolone in the management of caustic esophageal burns.” Pediatrics. 2014;133(6):E1518-24. (Key study demonstrating steroids benefit in grade 2b injuries).
• Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne – Clinical Practice Guidelines: Caustic Ingestions (2019) – Practical hospital guidelines emphasizing early intubation for airway threat, endoscopy within 24h, IV PPI, and supportive care.

Today, Dr. Monica Gray, Dr. Pradip Kamat, and Dr. Rahul Damania discuss two real-life pediatric cases of hyponatremia in the PICU. They talk through a case of a six-month-old baby with severe sodium depletion and a teenager dealing with cancer-related hyponatremia. The team breaks down the pathophysiology, walks us through the diagnostic workups, and discusses the careful management needed for these cases. They emphasize the importance of correcting sodium levels gradually and addressing the root cause of the problem. They share practical tips for intensivists and highlight why staying vigilant and following evidence-based care is so crucial when managing critically ill kids with electrolyte disturbances. Tune in to hear more!

Show Highlights:

• Discussion of hyponatremia in pediatric patients, particularly in the PICU
• Presentation of two case studies illustrating different presentations of hyponatremia
• Examination of the pathophysiology of hyponatremia, including its classification into hypovolemic, euvolemic, and hypervolemic types
• Overview of diagnostic investigations for hyponatremia, including volume status assessment and serum/urine electrolyte measurements
• Management strategies for hyponatremia, emphasizing the importance of gradual correction of sodium levels
• Risks associated with rapid correction of hyponatremia
• Importance of fluid management in different types of hyponatremia
• Role of pharmacological interventions in specific cases, such as SIADH
• Clinical presentation and symptoms associated with hyponatremia in pediatric patients
• Emphasis on continuous monitoring of sodium levels and clinical status during treatment

References:

• Fuhrman & Zimmerman - Textbook of Pediatric Critical Care Chapter 71. Fluid and electrolyte issues in pediatric critical illness. Evans I, Joyce E. Page 866-872
• Rogers' textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care Chapter 108: Disorders of Water, Sodium and Potassium homeostasis: Schneider J & Glater-Welt L. Pages 1868-1880
• Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine Volume 1. Chapter 53: Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances. Mount D. Pages 338-347

Today, Dr. Rahul Damania, Dr. Pradip Kamat, and Dr. Monica Gray, pediatric intensivists, sit down to chat about the diagnosis and management of acute myocarditis in children. They focus on a real-life case involving a one-month-old infant who presented with poor feeding, respiratory distress, and fever. Together, they break down the possible causes, key clinical signs, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options for pediatric myocarditis. Throughout the discussion, they highlight the importance of early recognition, a multidisciplinary team approach, and supportive care in improving outcomes for these critically ill infants. This episode is packed with practical insights and is designed to help pediatric intensivists tackle this challenging and potentially life-threatening condition. Tune in to hear more!

Show Highlights:

• Definition and etiology of acute myocarditis in pediatric patients
• Clinical case presentation of a one-month-old infant with acute myocarditis
• Symptoms and clinical manifestations of acute myocarditis in children
• Diagnostic approaches for identifying acute myocarditis, including echocardiography and laboratory tests
• Management strategies for acute myocarditis, including intensive care and medication
• Importance of recognizing atypical presentations in infants
• Prognosis and risk factors associated with acute myocarditis
• Role of multidisciplinary collaboration in managing acute myocarditis
• Impact of viral infections on the development and severity of myocarditis
• Outcomes and potential complications related to acute myocarditis in pediatric patients

References:

• Fuhrman & Zimmerman - Textbook of Pediatric Critical Care Chapter 108. Life-threatening viral diseases and their treatment. Vora S et al. Pages 1273-1278
• Rogers’ textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care. Chapter 74: cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, and mechanical circulatory support. Harmon WG et al. Pages 1247-1255
• Robinson J, Hartling L, Vandermeer B, Sebastianski M, Klassen TP. Intravenous immunoglobulin for presumed viral myocarditis in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Aug 19;8(8): CD004370. Doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004370.pub4. PMID: 32835416

In this episode of "PICU Doc on Call," pediatric intensivists Dr. Rahul Damania, Dr. Pradip Kamat, and Dr. Monica Gray discuss a critical case involving a 16-year-old male who experienced severe carbon monoxide poisoning after being found unresponsive in a garage. They chat about the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic workup, and management of carbon monoxide toxicity. Furthermore, they cover the importance of early oxygen administration, recognizing potential delayed neurological sequelae, and keeping an eye out for cardiac complications. Tune in and hear more about a comprehensive approach to treatment and the significance of multidisciplinary support for achieving the best patient outcomes.

Show Highlights:

• Case presentation of a 16-year-old male with severe carbon monoxide poisoning
• Pathophysiology of carbon monoxide toxicity and its effects on hemoglobin
• Clinical manifestations and symptoms associated with carbon monoxide poisoning
• Diagnostic workup for suspected carbon monoxide exposure
• Management principles for treating carbon monoxide poisoning in pediatric patients
• Sources and scenarios leading to carbon monoxide poisoning
• Complications arising from carbon monoxide exposure including neurological injuries
• Importance of early oxygen administration and monitoring in treatment
• Discussion of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and its indications
• Key takeaways for clinicians regarding the management and follow-up of carbon monoxide poisoning cases

We welcome you to share your feedback, subscribe & place a review on our podcast! Please visit our website picudoconcall.org.

References:

• Tapking, C., et al. (2021). Burn and inhalation injury. In J. J. Zimmerman & A. T. Rotta (Eds.), Fuhrman and Zimmerman’s Pediatric Critical Care (6th ed., pp. 1347–1362). Elsevier.
• Nañagas KA, Penfound SJ, Kao LW. Carbon Monoxide Toxicity. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2022 May;40(2):283-312. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2022.01.005. Epub 2022 Apr 5. PMID: 35461624.
• Smollin C, Olson K. Carbon monoxide poisoning (acute). BMJ Clin Evid. 2010 Oct 12;2010:2103. PMID: 21418677; PMCID: PMC3217756.
• Palmeri R, Gupta V. Carboxyhemoglobin Toxicity. [Updated 2023 Apr 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan.

Welcome to another exciting episode of PICU Doc on Call! Today, we're diving deep into the world of pediatric critical care with our expert hosts, Dr. Rahul Damania, Dr. Pradip Kamat, and Dr. Monica Gray. Get ready to unravel the mysteries of the oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER) and its pivotal role in managing pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ dysfunction.

Picture this: a seven-year-old girl battling severe pneumonia that spirals into ARDS and septic shock. Our hosts walk you through this gripping case, shedding light on calculating O2ER and why central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) is a game-changer. They'll share their top strategies for optimizing oxygen delivery and cutting down on oxygen demand.

But that's not all! This episode is all about the holistic approach to managing critically ill pediatric patients. Tune in to discover how these insights can lead to better outcomes for our youngest and most vulnerable patients. Don't miss out on this vital conversation!

Show Highlights:

• Clinical significance of the oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER) in pediatric critical care
• Importance of understanding oxygen delivery and consumption in critically ill patients
• Calculation and interpretation of O2ER and its relationship to central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2)
• Physiological concepts related to oxygenation, including intrapulmonary shunting and ventilation-perfusion mismatch
• Management strategies for increasing oxygen delivery and reducing oxygen demand in ARDS and septic shock
• Interventions such as blood transfusions, sedation, and optimization of cardiac output
• Implications of lactic acidosis and anaerobic metabolism in the context of inadequate oxygen delivery
• Holistic approach to patient management, focusing on both numerical values and overall metabolic needs

We welcome you to share your feedback, subscribe & place a review on our podcast! Please visit our website picudoconcall.org.

References:

1. Fuhrman B.P. & Zimmerman J.J. (Eds.). Pediatric Critical Care, 6th ed. Elsevier; 2021. (Key concepts of oxygen delivery, consumption, and extraction in shock states are discussed in Chapter 13) .
2. Nichols D.G. (Ed.). Roger’s Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care, 5th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2016. (Comprehensive review of oxygen transport and utilization in critically ill children, including ARDS and shock).
3. Lucking S.E., Williams T.M., Chaten F.C., et al. Dependence of oxygen consumption on oxygen delivery in children with hyperdynamic septic shock and low oxygen extraction. Crit Care Med. 1990;18(12):1316–1319. doi:10.1097/00003246-199012000-00002.
4. Ronco J.J., Fenwick J.C., Tweeddale M.G., et al. Pathologic dependence of oxygen consumption on oxygen delivery in acute respiratory failure. Chest. 1990;98(6):1463–1466. doi:10.1378/chest.98.6.1463 .
5. Carcillo J.A., Davis A.L., Zaritsky A. Clinical practice parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(6):1365–1378. (ACCM guidelines emphasizing ScvO₂ targets in shock) .
6. Emeriaud G, López-Fernández YM, Iyer NP, et al; PALICC-2 Group; PALISI Network. Executive summary of the second international guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pediatric ARDS (PALICC-2). Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2023;24(2):143–168. doi:10.1097/PCC.0000000000003147.

In this episode, Dr. Rahul Damania, Dr. Pradip Kamat, and Dr. Monica Gray dive into a critical case involving a five-week-old baby facing acute respiratory failure due to pertussis. They chat about how this condition shows up, how it's diagnosed, and the best ways to manage it, especially considering the serious complications it can cause in infants, like pulmonary hypertension and the potential need for ECMO. The conversation underscores the importance of catching it early and providing supportive care, while also highlighting how crucial vaccination is in preventing pertussis. Tune in to learn how severe this disease can be and why staying alert in pediatric care is so important.

Show Highlights:

• Clinical case of a five-week-old infant with acute respiratory failure and pertussis diagnosis
• Epidemiology and public health impact of pertussis, including vaccination rates and outbreak patterns
• Pathophysiology of pertussis and its effects on respiratory health, particularly in infants
• Clinical presentation of pertussis, including stages of the disease and atypical symptoms in infants
• Diagnostic approaches for pertussis, including laboratory findings and PCR testing
• Management strategies for severe pertussis, including supportive care and antibiotic therapy
• Potential complications associated with pertussis, especially in young infants
• Differential diagnosis considerations for pertussis and distinguishing features from other infections
• Importance of vaccination in preventing pertussis and reducing morbidity and mortality
• ECMO as a treatment option for severe cases and its associated challenges, and outcomes

We welcome you to share your feedback, subscribe & place a review on our podcast! Please visit our website picudoconcall.org.

References:

1. Fuhrman & Zimmerman - Textbook of Pediatric Critical Care Chapter and Rogers texbook of Pediatric intensive care -both do not have any Pertussis mentioned in their index.
2. Rowlands HE, Goldman AP, Harrington K, Karimova A, Brierley J, Cross N, Skellett S, Peters MJ. Impact of rapid leukodepletion on the outcome of severe clinical pertussis in young infants. Pediatrics. 2010 Oct;126(4):e816-27. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-2860. Epub 2010 Sep 6. PMID: 20819895.
3. Lauria AM, Zabbo CP. Pertussis. [Updated 2022 Oct 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519008/
4. Berger JT, Carcillo JA, Shanley TP, Wessel DL, Clark A, Holubkov R, Meert KL, Newth CJ, Berg RA, Heidemann S, Harrison R, Pollack M, Dalton H, Harvill E, Karanikas A, Liu T, Burr JS, Doctor A, Dean JM, Jenkins TL, Nicholson CE; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network (CPCCRN). Critical pertussis illness in children: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2013 May;14(4):356-65. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e31828a70fe. PMID: 23548960; PMCID: PMC3885763.
5. Cousin, V.L., Caula, C., Vignot, J. et al. Pertussis infection in critically ill infants: meta-analysis and validation of a mortality score. Crit Care 29, 71 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-025-05300-2
6. Domico M, Ridout D, MacLaren G, Barbaro R, Annich G, Schlapbach LJ, Brown KL. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pertussis: Predictors of Outcome Including Pulmonary Hypertension and Leukodepletion. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2018 Mar;19(3):254-261. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001454. PMID: 29319632.
7. Centers for Disease Control: https://www.cdc.gov/schoolvaxview/data/index.html; https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/pertussis-incidence-by-age-group-and-year.html; https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/media/pdfs/2025/01/pertuss-surv-report-2024_PROVISIONAL-508.pdf (various links)
8. Tuan, Ta Anh MD, PhD1; Xoay, Tran Dang MD1; Nakajima, Noriko MD, PhD2; Nakagawa, Satoshi MD3; Phuc, Phan Huu MD, PhD1; Hung, Dau Viet MD, PhD1; Dung, Nguyen Trong MD1; Dong, Ngo Tien MD1; Dung, Tran Ba MD1; Thuy, Phung Thi Bich PhD4; Hai, Le Thanh MD, PhD5; Dien, Tran Minh MD, PhD6. Pertussis Infants Needing Mechanical Ventilation and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Single-Center Retrospective Series in Vietnam. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 22(9):p e471-e479, September 2021. | DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002723

In today’s episode, Dr. Rahul Damania and Dr. Pradip Kamat welcome their new co-host, Dr. Monica Gray. They’ll dive into the topic of upper airway obstruction in children and explore a case involving a 12-month-old girl who presents with stridor and fever. Throughout the discussion, they delve into the underlying causes, possible diagnoses, and management strategies. Key takeaways include the significance of keeping the child calm, ensuring proper positioning, and utilizing treatments such as dexamethasone and Racemic epinephrine. They’ll also touch on advanced therapies and serious infections like epiglottitis. The episode highlights the importance of recognizing stridor, knowing when to consider PICU admission, and the effectiveness of low-dose dexamethasone. Tune in to learn more!

Show Highlights:

• Overview of upper airway obstruction in pediatric patients
• Case presentation of a 12-month-old girl with stridor and fever
• Discussion on the pathophysiology of stridor and its clinical significance
• Differential diagnoses for stridor, including croup, epiglottitis, and foreign body aspiration
• Management strategies for upper airway obstruction, including stabilization and medication
• Importance of calming the child and optimal positioning during treatment
• Use of dexamethasone and racemic epinephrine in managing croup
• Advanced therapies, such as Helios, for specific cases
• Indicators for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission
• Key clinical points and takeaways for healthcare professionals managing airway emergencies

References:

• Fuhrman & Zimmerman - Textbook of Pediatric Critical Care Chapter 47 Otteson T, Richardson C, Shah J: Diseases of the upper Airway. Pages 524-535
• Rogers Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care: Chapter 25; Ong May Soo Jacqueline, Tijssen J, Bruins BB and Nishisaki A: Airway management. Pages 341-365
• Reference: Asmundsson AS, Arms J, Kaila R, Roback MG, Theiler C, Davey CS, Louie JP. Hospital Course of Croup After Emergency Department Management. Hosp Pediatr. 2019 May;9(5):326-332. doi: 10.1542/hpeds.2018-0066. PMID: 30988017; PMCID: PMC6478427.
• Reference: Aregbesola A, Tam CM, Kothari A, Le ML, Ragheb M, Klassen TP. Glucocorticoids for croup in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 10;1(1):CD001955. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001955.pub5. PMID: 36626194; PMCID: PMC9831289.

Previous Episode Mentioned:

PICU Doc On Call Episode 80

In this episode of PICU DOC on Call, Dr. Rahul Damania and Dr. Pradip Kamat discuss the resurgence of measles in the United States. They explore the virus's pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and complications. They emphasize the critical role of vaccination in preventing measles outbreaks and address the historical context and public health challenges related to vaccine hesitancy. The speakers highlight the severe complications of measles, especially in immunocompromised patients, and advocate for robust vaccination efforts to protect vulnerable populations and prevent the spread of this preventable disease. Tune in to hear more!

Show Highlights:

• Resurgence of measles in the United States
• Historical context of measles outbreaks and vaccination impact
• Current statistics and recent cases of measles
• Pathophysiology of the measles virus
• Clinical features and progression of measles infection
• Diagnostic approaches for confirming measles
• Differential diagnosis considerations for fever and rash
• Treatment options and the role of vaccination
• Complications associated with measles, including severe outcomes
• Public health challenges related to vaccine hesitancy and advocacy for immunization

Resources:

CDC Measles Info Page

WHO Measles Global Surveillance

References:

Fuhrman & Zimmerman. Textbook of Pediatric Critical Care, Ch. 52

Long S et al. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ch. 227

Moss WJ. Measles. Lancet. 2017;390(10111):2490-2502

Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. NEJM. 2019;380(23):2185-2187

In this episode of PICU DOC on Call, Dr. Rahul Damania and Dr. Pradip Kamat chat about a challenging case involving a 15-year-old girl dealing with acute myocarditis and worsening respiratory failure. They explore the intricate dance between the heart and lungs, especially how positive pressure ventilation can affect heart function. They cover important topics like cardiac output, preload, and afterload, and discuss the delicate balance needed to manage myocarditis effectively. The episode offers practical tips for optimizing care for critically ill children, underscoring the importance of personalized treatment plans and teamwork in pediatric critical care. Tune in!

Show Highlights:

• Clinical case of a 15-year-old girl with acute myocarditis and respiratory failure
• Importance of understanding cardiopulmonary interactions in pediatric critical care
• Effects of positive pressure ventilation on cardiac function
• Key concepts of cardiac output, preload, and afterload in the context of myocarditis
• Challenges of managing hemodynamic instability in critically ill pediatric patients
• Differences between spontaneous breathing and positive pressure ventilation
• Strategies for optimizing preload and fluid management in myocarditis patients
• Tailoring ventilatory support and transitioning to invasive mechanical ventilation
• Monitoring for arrhythmias and managing myocardial function with inotropic support
• Importance of frequent assessments and collaboration with cardiac ICU teams for patient care

Optimizing Preload:

• Volume depletion is common in patients with hypotension and tachycardia. A careful fluid challenge is important to restore circulatory volume, but fluid overload should be avoided, especially with impaired left ventricular function.

Tailoring Ventilatory Support:

• Adjust BiPAP settings to improve oxygenation without overloading the heart with excessive positive pressures.
• Use the optimal level of PEEP to recruit alveoli while maintaining adequate venous return to the heart.

Supporting Myocardial Function:

• Inotropic support (e.g., milrinone) may be necessary to improve myocardial contractility. Milrinone also provides vasodilation, which can reduce afterload but must be used cautiously due to its potential to lower blood pressure.

Frequent Reassessments:

• Bedside echocardiography and regular monitoring of biomarkers (lactate, BNP) and clinical status are essential for ongoing evaluation.
• In severe cases, advanced therapies like ECMO may be required if the patient’s hemodynamic status continues to deteriorate.