Welcome to another exciting episode of PICU Doc on Call! Today, we're diving deep into the world of pediatric critical care with our expert hosts, Dr. Rahul Damania, Dr. Pradip Kamat, and Dr. Monica Gray. Get ready to unravel the mysteries of the oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER) and its pivotal role in managing pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ dysfunction.

Picture this: a seven-year-old girl battling severe pneumonia that spirals into ARDS and septic shock. Our hosts walk you through this gripping case, shedding light on calculating O2ER and why central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) is a game-changer. They'll share their top strategies for optimizing oxygen delivery and cutting down on oxygen demand.

But that's not all! This episode is all about the holistic approach to managing critically ill pediatric patients. Tune in to discover how these insights can lead to better outcomes for our youngest and most vulnerable patients. Don't miss out on this vital conversation!

Show Highlights:

• Clinical significance of the oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER) in pediatric critical care
• Importance of understanding oxygen delivery and consumption in critically ill patients
• Calculation and interpretation of O2ER and its relationship to central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2)
• Physiological concepts related to oxygenation, including intrapulmonary shunting and ventilation-perfusion mismatch
• Management strategies for increasing oxygen delivery and reducing oxygen demand in ARDS and septic shock
• Interventions such as blood transfusions, sedation, and optimization of cardiac output
• Implications of lactic acidosis and anaerobic metabolism in the context of inadequate oxygen delivery
• Holistic approach to patient management, focusing on both numerical values and overall metabolic needs

We welcome you to share your feedback, subscribe & place a review on our podcast! Please visit our website picudoconcall.org.

References:

1. Fuhrman B.P. & Zimmerman J.J. (Eds.). Pediatric Critical Care, 6th ed. Elsevier; 2021. (Key concepts of oxygen delivery, consumption, and extraction in shock states are discussed in Chapter 13) .
2. Nichols D.G. (Ed.). Roger’s Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care, 5th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2016. (Comprehensive review of oxygen transport and utilization in critically ill children, including ARDS and shock).
3. Lucking S.E., Williams T.M., Chaten F.C., et al. Dependence of oxygen consumption on oxygen delivery in children with hyperdynamic septic shock and low oxygen extraction. Crit Care Med. 1990;18(12):1316–1319. doi:10.1097/00003246-199012000-00002.
4. Ronco J.J., Fenwick J.C., Tweeddale M.G., et al. Pathologic dependence of oxygen consumption on oxygen delivery in acute respiratory failure. Chest. 1990;98(6):1463–1466. doi:10.1378/chest.98.6.1463 .
5. Carcillo J.A., Davis A.L., Zaritsky A. Clinical practice parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(6):1365–1378. (ACCM guidelines emphasizing ScvO₂ targets in shock) .
6. Emeriaud G, López-Fernández YM, Iyer NP, et al; PALICC-2 Group; PALISI Network. Executive summary of the second international guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pediatric ARDS (PALICC-2). Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2023;24(2):143–168. doi:10.1097/PCC.0000000000003147.

In this episode, Dr. Rahul Damania, Dr. Pradip Kamat, and Dr. Monica Gray dive into a critical case involving a five-week-old baby facing acute respiratory failure due to pertussis. They chat about how this condition shows up, how it's diagnosed, and the best ways to manage it, especially considering the serious complications it can cause in infants, like pulmonary hypertension and the potential need for ECMO. The conversation underscores the importance of catching it early and providing supportive care, while also highlighting how crucial vaccination is in preventing pertussis. Tune in to learn how severe this disease can be and why staying alert in pediatric care is so important.

Show Highlights:

• Clinical case of a five-week-old infant with acute respiratory failure and pertussis diagnosis
• Epidemiology and public health impact of pertussis, including vaccination rates and outbreak patterns
• Pathophysiology of pertussis and its effects on respiratory health, particularly in infants
• Clinical presentation of pertussis, including stages of the disease and atypical symptoms in infants
• Diagnostic approaches for pertussis, including laboratory findings and PCR testing
• Management strategies for severe pertussis, including supportive care and antibiotic therapy
• Potential complications associated with pertussis, especially in young infants
• Differential diagnosis considerations for pertussis and distinguishing features from other infections
• Importance of vaccination in preventing pertussis and reducing morbidity and mortality
• ECMO as a treatment option for severe cases and its associated challenges, and outcomes

We welcome you to share your feedback, subscribe & place a review on our podcast! Please visit our website picudoconcall.org.

References:

1. Fuhrman & Zimmerman - Textbook of Pediatric Critical Care Chapter and Rogers texbook of Pediatric intensive care -both do not have any Pertussis mentioned in their index.
2. Rowlands HE, Goldman AP, Harrington K, Karimova A, Brierley J, Cross N, Skellett S, Peters MJ. Impact of rapid leukodepletion on the outcome of severe clinical pertussis in young infants. Pediatrics. 2010 Oct;126(4):e816-27. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-2860. Epub 2010 Sep 6. PMID: 20819895.
3. Lauria AM, Zabbo CP. Pertussis. [Updated 2022 Oct 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519008/
4. Berger JT, Carcillo JA, Shanley TP, Wessel DL, Clark A, Holubkov R, Meert KL, Newth CJ, Berg RA, Heidemann S, Harrison R, Pollack M, Dalton H, Harvill E, Karanikas A, Liu T, Burr JS, Doctor A, Dean JM, Jenkins TL, Nicholson CE; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network (CPCCRN). Critical pertussis illness in children: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2013 May;14(4):356-65. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e31828a70fe. PMID: 23548960; PMCID: PMC3885763.
5. Cousin, V.L., Caula, C., Vignot, J. et al. Pertussis infection in critically ill infants: meta-analysis and validation of a mortality score. Crit Care 29, 71 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-025-05300-2
6. Domico M, Ridout D, MacLaren G, Barbaro R, Annich G, Schlapbach LJ, Brown KL. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pertussis: Predictors of Outcome Including Pulmonary Hypertension and Leukodepletion. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2018 Mar;19(3):254-261. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001454. PMID: 29319632.
7. Centers for Disease Control: https://www.cdc.gov/schoolvaxview/data/index.html; https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/php/surveillance/pertussis-incidence-by-age-group-and-year.html; https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/media/pdfs/2025/01/pertuss-surv-report-2024_PROVISIONAL-508.pdf (various links)
8. Tuan, Ta Anh MD, PhD1; Xoay, Tran Dang MD1; Nakajima, Noriko MD, PhD2; Nakagawa, Satoshi MD3; Phuc, Phan Huu MD, PhD1; Hung, Dau Viet MD, PhD1; Dung, Nguyen Trong MD1; Dong, Ngo Tien MD1; Dung, Tran Ba MD1; Thuy, Phung Thi Bich PhD4; Hai, Le Thanh MD, PhD5; Dien, Tran Minh MD, PhD6. Pertussis Infants Needing Mechanical Ventilation and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Single-Center Retrospective Series in Vietnam. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 22(9):p e471-e479, September 2021. | DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002723

In today’s episode, Dr. Rahul Damania and Dr. Pradip Kamat welcome their new co-host, Dr. Monica Gray. They’ll dive into the topic of upper airway obstruction in children and explore a case involving a 12-month-old girl who presents with stridor and fever. Throughout the discussion, they delve into the underlying causes, possible diagnoses, and management strategies. Key takeaways include the significance of keeping the child calm, ensuring proper positioning, and utilizing treatments such as dexamethasone and Racemic epinephrine. They’ll also touch on advanced therapies and serious infections like epiglottitis. The episode highlights the importance of recognizing stridor, knowing when to consider PICU admission, and the effectiveness of low-dose dexamethasone. Tune in to learn more!

Show Highlights:

• Overview of upper airway obstruction in pediatric patients
• Case presentation of a 12-month-old girl with stridor and fever
• Discussion on the pathophysiology of stridor and its clinical significance
• Differential diagnoses for stridor, including croup, epiglottitis, and foreign body aspiration
• Management strategies for upper airway obstruction, including stabilization and medication
• Importance of calming the child and optimal positioning during treatment
• Use of dexamethasone and racemic epinephrine in managing croup
• Advanced therapies, such as Helios, for specific cases
• Indicators for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission
• Key clinical points and takeaways for healthcare professionals managing airway emergencies

References:

• Fuhrman & Zimmerman - Textbook of Pediatric Critical Care Chapter 47 Otteson T, Richardson C, Shah J: Diseases of the upper Airway. Pages 524-535
• Rogers Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care: Chapter 25; Ong May Soo Jacqueline, Tijssen J, Bruins BB and Nishisaki A: Airway management. Pages 341-365
• Reference: Asmundsson AS, Arms J, Kaila R, Roback MG, Theiler C, Davey CS, Louie JP. Hospital Course of Croup After Emergency Department Management. Hosp Pediatr. 2019 May;9(5):326-332. doi: 10.1542/hpeds.2018-0066. PMID: 30988017; PMCID: PMC6478427.
• Reference: Aregbesola A, Tam CM, Kothari A, Le ML, Ragheb M, Klassen TP. Glucocorticoids for croup in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 10;1(1):CD001955. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001955.pub5. PMID: 36626194; PMCID: PMC9831289.

Previous Episode Mentioned:

PICU Doc On Call Episode 80

In this episode of PICU DOC on Call, Dr. Rahul Damania and Dr. Pradip Kamat discuss the resurgence of measles in the United States. They explore the virus's pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and complications. They emphasize the critical role of vaccination in preventing measles outbreaks and address the historical context and public health challenges related to vaccine hesitancy. The speakers highlight the severe complications of measles, especially in immunocompromised patients, and advocate for robust vaccination efforts to protect vulnerable populations and prevent the spread of this preventable disease. Tune in to hear more!

Show Highlights:

• Resurgence of measles in the United States
• Historical context of measles outbreaks and vaccination impact
• Current statistics and recent cases of measles
• Pathophysiology of the measles virus
• Clinical features and progression of measles infection
• Diagnostic approaches for confirming measles
• Differential diagnosis considerations for fever and rash
• Treatment options and the role of vaccination
• Complications associated with measles, including severe outcomes
• Public health challenges related to vaccine hesitancy and advocacy for immunization

Resources:

CDC Measles Info Page

WHO Measles Global Surveillance

References:

Fuhrman & Zimmerman. Textbook of Pediatric Critical Care, Ch. 52

Long S et al. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ch. 227

Moss WJ. Measles. Lancet. 2017;390(10111):2490-2502

Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. NEJM. 2019;380(23):2185-2187

In this episode of PICU DOC on Call, Dr. Rahul Damania and Dr. Pradip Kamat chat about a challenging case involving a 15-year-old girl dealing with acute myocarditis and worsening respiratory failure. They explore the intricate dance between the heart and lungs, especially how positive pressure ventilation can affect heart function. They cover important topics like cardiac output, preload, and afterload, and discuss the delicate balance needed to manage myocarditis effectively. The episode offers practical tips for optimizing care for critically ill children, underscoring the importance of personalized treatment plans and teamwork in pediatric critical care. Tune in!

Show Highlights:

• Clinical case of a 15-year-old girl with acute myocarditis and respiratory failure
• Importance of understanding cardiopulmonary interactions in pediatric critical care
• Effects of positive pressure ventilation on cardiac function
• Key concepts of cardiac output, preload, and afterload in the context of myocarditis
• Challenges of managing hemodynamic instability in critically ill pediatric patients
• Differences between spontaneous breathing and positive pressure ventilation
• Strategies for optimizing preload and fluid management in myocarditis patients
• Tailoring ventilatory support and transitioning to invasive mechanical ventilation
• Monitoring for arrhythmias and managing myocardial function with inotropic support
• Importance of frequent assessments and collaboration with cardiac ICU teams for patient care

Optimizing Preload:

• Volume depletion is common in patients with hypotension and tachycardia. A careful fluid challenge is important to restore circulatory volume, but fluid overload should be avoided, especially with impaired left ventricular function.

Tailoring Ventilatory Support:

• Adjust BiPAP settings to improve oxygenation without overloading the heart with excessive positive pressures.
• Use the optimal level of PEEP to recruit alveoli while maintaining adequate venous return to the heart.

Supporting Myocardial Function:

• Inotropic support (e.g., milrinone) may be necessary to improve myocardial contractility. Milrinone also provides vasodilation, which can reduce afterload but must be used cautiously due to its potential to lower blood pressure.

Frequent Reassessments:

• Bedside echocardiography and regular monitoring of biomarkers (lactate, BNP) and clinical status are essential for ongoing evaluation.
• In severe cases, advanced therapies like ECMO may be required if the patient’s hemodynamic status continues to deteriorate.

Today,  pediatric intensivists Dr. Pradip Kamat and Dr. Rahul Damania discuss a complex case of a 12-year-old girl who suffered a seizure and unresponsiveness due to a subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm. They explore the multi-system effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and intracranial hemorrhage, focusing on non-neurologic organ dysfunction.

They’ll also highlight the impact on cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and hepatic systems, emphasizing the importance of understanding these interactions for better patient management.

Tune in to hear relevant studies and management strategies to improve outcomes in pediatric TBI cases.

In This Episode:

• Clinical case of a 12-year-old girl with seizure and unresponsiveness due to subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm
• Management of non-neurologic organ dysfunction in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and intracranial hemorrhage
• Multi-system effects of brain injuries, including cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and hepatic complications
• Importance of recognizing non-neurologic organ dysfunction in pediatric patients
• Epidemiology and prevalence of non-neurologic organ dysfunction in patients with aneurysms or subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Mechanisms of organ dysfunction following brain injury, including inflammatory responses and cytokine release
• Management strategies for cardiovascular complications in TBI patients.
• Discussion of respiratory complications, such as acute lung injury and ARDS, in the context of TBI
• Renal and hepatic dysfunction associated with traumatic brain injury and their management
• Emphasis on the need for a comprehensive understanding of organ interactions to improve patient outcomes in pediatric critical care

Conclusion

In summary, the episode underscores the complex interplay between brain injury and multi-system organ dysfunction. The hosts emphasize the need for a comprehensive understanding of these interactions to improve patient outcomes in pediatric TBI cases. They advocate for a team-based approach to management, focusing on individual patient physiology and the delicate balance required to address the challenges posed by non-neurologic organ dysfunction.

Connect With Us!

We hope you found value in this case-based discussion. Please share your feedback, subscribe, and leave a review on our podcast. For more resources, visit our website at PICUoncall.org.

Thank you for joining us, and stay tuned for our next episode!

Welcome to another insightful episode of PICU on Call, a podcast dedicated to current and aspiring intensivists. In this episode, our hosts, Dr. Pradip Kamat, Dr. Rahul Damania, and their colleague, Dr. Jordan Dent, delve into the complexities of managing pneumonia in pediatric patients. The discussion is anchored around a clinical case involving a 10-year-old girl presenting with difficulty breathing and a fever, suggestive of pneumonia. We will break down the key themes and insights from the case, providing a comprehensive guide to understanding and managing pediatric pneumonia.

Case Presentation

The episode begins with a detailed case presentation:

• Patient: 10-year-old girl, 28-week preemie with chronic lung disease.
• Symptoms: Progressive respiratory distress over eight days, worsening cough, increased work of breathing, hypoxemia (oxygen saturation in the low 80s despite supplemental oxygen).
• Findings: Chest X-ray reveals bilateral lower lobe infiltrates and a left-sided pleural effusion. Lab results show elevated CRP and a positive respiratory PCR for a bacterial pathogen.

This case sets the stage for an in-depth discussion on the various aspects of pediatric pneumoRisk Factors for Pneumonia

Understanding the risk factors for pneumonia is crucial for early identification and prevention.

These risk factors can be categorized into three main groups:

Host Factors

• Incomplete Immunization Status: Children who are not fully vaccinated are at higher risk
• Young Age: Infants and young children have immature immune systems, making them more susceptible
• Lower Socioeconomic Status: Limited access to healthcare and poor living conditions can increase risk

Environmental Factors

• Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: Secondhand smoke can damage the respiratory tract and impair immune function
• Seasonal Variations: Pneumonia cases peak during fall and winter due to increased circulation of respiratory viruses
• Contact with Other Children: Daycare settings and schools can facilitate the spread of infections

Healthcare-Associated Factors

• Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation: Increases the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
• Nasogastric Tube Placement: Can introduce pathogens into the respiratory tract.
• Neuromuscular Blockade: Impairs the ability to clear secretions
• Inadequate Humidification: Dry air can damage the respiratory mucosa

Pathogenesis of Pneumonia

Pneumonia occurs when pathogens invade the lower respiratory tract, triggering an inflammatory response. This leads to fluid accumulation and white blood cell infiltration in the alveoli, resulting in:

• Decreased Lung Compliance: The lungs become stiffer and harder to expand.
• Increased Airway Resistance: Narrowing of the airways makes breathing more difficult.
• Ventilation-Perfusion (V/Q) Mismatch: Impaired gas exchange leads to hypoxia and tachypnea.

Etiology by Age Group

The causative pathogens of pneumonia vary by age group:

• Neonates: Group B Streptococcus, E. coli, Listeria, Klebsiella
• Children Under 5: Viral causes (50% of cases) such as RSV, human metapneumovirus, and influenza, with bacterial causes like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae
• Older Children and Teens: Mycoplasma pneumonia, Chlamydia pneumonia, and Streptococcus pneumoniae

Classification of Pneumonia

Pneumonia can be classified based on the acquisition setting:

• Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP): Occurs in patients not hospitalized in the past month
• Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP): Develops after 48 hours of hospitalization
• Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP): Occurs within 48 hours of intubation
• Aspiration Pneumonia: Results from inhaling gastric or oral contents
• Necrotizing Pneumonia: Caused by aggressive bacteria, often requiring CT imaging for diagnosis

Clinical Presentation

When a child presents with suspected pneumonia, clinicians should look for:

• Systemic Symptoms: Fever, lethargy, poor appetite
• Respiratory Symptoms: Tachypnea, hypoxia, and classic findings like crackles
• Key Indicators: Moderate hypoxemia (SpO2 < 96%) and increased respiratory effort (nasal flaring, intercostal retractions)

Diagnostic Approach

The diagnostic workup for bacterial pneumonia typically includes:

• Basic Labs: CBC, inflammatory markers (CRP, procalcitonin), and a comprehensive metabolic panel
• Cultures: Blood cultures have low yield; pleural fluid cultures are more definitive
• Imaging: Chest X-rays can overestimate pneumonia; point-of-care ultrasound may help identify effusions

Management Framework

Management begins with assessing whether the child can be treated at home or requires hospitalization. Key considerations for admission include:

• Hypoxemia: SpO2 < 92%
• Rapid Respiratory Rates: Indicative of severe respiratory distress
• Toxic Appearance or Poor Oral Intake: Suggests a need for closer monitoring and supportive care

In the PICU, management involves:

Respiratory Support

• Nasal Cannula: For mild cases
• High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC): For moderate cases
• Mechanical Ventilation: For severe cases of respiratory failure

Antibiotic Therapy

• Empiric Therapy: Based on age, severity, and local resistance patterns
• Targeted Therapy: Adjusted based on culture results and clinical response

Supportive Care

• Fluid Management: To maintain hydration and electrolyte balance
• Nutrition: Ensuring adequate caloric intake
• Fever Control: Using antipyretics to manage fever

Complications of Pneumonia

Complications occur in about 3% of pneumonia cases and include:

• Pleural Effusion: Managed with chest tube placement and fibrinolytic therapy
• Necrotizing Pneumonia: May require drainage if abscesses develop
• Systemic Complications: Such as ARDS, sepsis, and multi-organ dysfunction

Conclusion

Early diagnosis and management of bacterial pneumonia are crucial to prevent complications and mortality. Key indicators include moderate hypoxemia and increased work of breathing. Diagnostic imaging findings such as large pleural effusions and cavitation strongly suggest bacterial infection.

In today’s episode, we explore a tragic but educational case involving a 15-year-old girl who suffered severe inhalation injury following a house fire. While heroically rescuing her brother and his friend, she endured prolonged cardiac arrest and severe multi-organ dysfunction. We’ll focus on the pathophysiology, investigation, and management of inhalation injuries, including the critical role of recognizing carbon monoxide and cyanide poisoning in these complex cases.

Key Learning Points:

• Exposure to house fire and prolonged cardiac arrest
• Signs of inhalation injury and airway compromise
• Pathophysiology of inhalation injuries and their impact on multiple organ systems
• Management strategies for inhalation injury, including airway protection and ventilation
• Differentiating carbon monoxide and cyanide poisoning in pediatric fire victims

Case Presentation

A 15-year-old previously healthy girl is brought to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) after experiencing cardiac arrest during a house fire. She was found unconscious by firefighters after a heroic rescue attempt where she saved her brother and his friend. Upon arrival at the hospital, she was unresponsive, intubated, and in severe cardiovascular distress with signs of multi-organ dysfunction.

Key findings include:

• Soot deposits and superficial burns on extremities
• Prolonged resuscitation (45 minutes of field CPR and 47 minutes of in-hospital CPR)
• Cardiovascular compromise with PVCs, cool extremities, and delayed capillary refill
• Metabolic acidosis, AKI, coagulopathy, transaminitis
• Severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy on EEG

These findings raise immediate concern for inhalation injury, which is the primary focus of today's discussion.

Pathophysiology of Inhalation Injury

When a patient is exposed to smoke and hot gases during a fire, inhalation injury results in significant damage to the respiratory system. Inhalation injury has three main components:

1. Upper airway involvement – Thermal injury can cause swelling and obstruction.
2. Chemical pneumonitis – Noxious chemicals like carbon monoxide and cyanide trigger inflammation in the lungs.
3. Systemic toxicity – Toxins such as carbon monoxide and cyanide can affect cellular oxygen utilization.

The primary damage occurs in the lower respiratory tract, leading to airway edema, mucosal damage, and bronchial cast formation. This process can result in bacterial pneumonia, respiratory failure, and the need for aggressive intervention.

Investigating Inhalation Injury

A thorough diagnostic approach is essential when assessing patients with suspected inhalation injury:

1. Basic Imaging: A chest X-ray (CXR) should be obtained, although a normal film doesn't rule out injury.
2. Gold Standard – Bronchoscopy: Direct visualization allows for assessment and removal of bronchial casts.
3. Laboratory Tests: Key labs include CBC, CMP, blood gas, lactate, co-oximetry (to assess CO levels), and toxicology screens.
4. CO and Cyanide Testing: Critical for identifying toxic exposure, especially when a patient presents with altered mental status or unexplained metabolic acidosis.

Managing Inhalation Injury: A Structured Approach

Management revolves around three key pillars:

1. Airway Protection: Intubation is essential for airway security. Signs such as progressive hoarseness, soot around the nose, or face burns should prompt early intervention.
2. Ventilation Strategies: Use low tidal volumes and optimized PEEP for lung protection. In severe cases, consider advanced modalities like APRV, HFOV, or ECMO.
3. Secretion Management: Aggressive pulmonary toilet and medications such as nebulized heparin, tPA, and N-acetylcysteine may help manage airway inflammation and obstructions.

Recognizing and Treating Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning

In cases of suspected CO poisoning, the key is early recognition and treatment:

• CO Blood Levels: Measure carboxyhemoglobin levels immediately.
• Classic Symptoms: Look for the “cherry red” skin color and neurologic symptoms such as confusion or dizziness.
• First-Line Therapy: Administer 100% oxygen via a non-rebreather mask or endotracheal tube.
• Hyperbaric Oxygen: While 100% O2 works well, HBO therapy is crucial for preventing delayed neuropsychiatric complications.

Fun Fact: CO has a much higher affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen, which leads to a "tissue oxygen famine," even with normal PaO2 levels.

Identifying Cyanide Poisoning in Fire Victims

Cyanide poisoning can be particularly challenging to diagnose but is crucial in fire victims. Look for:

• Classic Triad: Metabolic acidosis, elevated venous oxygen saturation, and CNS symptoms (confusion, mydriasis).
• Late Signs: Cardiovascular collapse, hypotension, and bradycardia.
• Treatment: Hydroxocobalamin is the first-line antidote (70 mg/kg IV), with the caveat that purple-red urine is a normal side effect.
• Avoid Nitrites: In burn victims, nitrite-based cyanide kits can worsen CO poisoning by forming methemoglobin.

Clinical Tip: Unlike CO poisoning, cyanide poisoning presents with seizures and dilated pupils.

Clinical Course of Our Patient

The patient’s clinical course was marked by rapid deterioration despite aggressive treatment:

• Initially managed with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) due to pulmonary hemorrhage
• Developed severe PARDS, cardiac dysfunction, and multi-organ failure within 12 hours
• Ultimately, neuroimaging revealed anoxic brain injury with cerebral edema and herniation, leading to brain death

This heartbreaking case highlights the importance of early intervention and recognition of inhalation injury in burn victims.

Key Takeaways:

• Act quickly to protect the airway in pediatric fire victims—early intubation can be life-saving.
• Protect the lungs with proper ventilation strategies and aggressive secretion management.
• Time is critical when dealing with CO and cyanide poisoning. Immediate recognition and treatment are key to survival.
• Inhalation injuries can result in rapid multi-organ failure, and management requires a multi-disciplinary approach.

Join Us for More Insights

We hope this case-based discussion provides valuable insights into the complex management of inhalation injuries in pediatric burn victims. Stay tuned for our next episode and be sure to share your feedback and subscribe to the podcast!

For more episodes, visit our website at picudoconcall.org.

References:

• Tapking C., et al. "Burn and Inhalation Injury." Fuhrman & Zimmerman - Textbook of Pediatric Critical Care, Chapter 116, Pages 1347-1362.
• Bergman, et al. "Burns and Smoke Inhalation." Rogers Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care, 6th edition, Chapter 33, Pages 484-497.
• Goh CT, Jacobe S. "Ventilation strategies in pediatric inhalation injury." Paediatr Respir Rev. 2016 Sep;20:3-9.
• Rodeberg DA, Housinger TA, et al. "Improved ventilatory function in burn patients using volumetric diffusive respiration." J Am Coll Surg. 1994 Nov;179(5):518-522.

• Hosts: Dr. Pradip Kamat (Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University) and Dr. Rahul Damania (Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital)
• Mission: A podcast dedicated to current and aspiring pediatric intensivists, exploring intriguing PICU cases and acute care pediatric management
• Focus of the Episode: Managing toxic alcohol ingestion in the PICU with emphasis on ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and isopropyl alcohol

• Patient Details: A 7-month-old male presented with accidental ethanol ingestion after his formula was mixed with vodka
• Key Symptoms: Lethargy, uncoordinated movements, decreased activity, and ethanol odor
• Initial Labs & Findings:
• EtOH level: 420 mg/dL.
• Glucose: 50 mg/dL.
• Normal CXR and EKG.
• PICU Presentation: Tachycardic, normotensive, lethargic, with signs of CNS depression
• Initial Management: Dextrose infusion, glucose monitoring, neurological observation, and ruling out complications

• Toxic alcohol ingestion in pediatrics requires rapid stabilization and targeted interventions
• Hypoglycemia and CNS depression are common features of ethanol toxicity in infants
• Management prioritizes glucose correction, airway support, and close neurological monitoring

1. Ethanol

• Typical Presentation in Infants/Toddlers: Hypotonia, ataxia, coma, hypoglycemia, hypotension, and hypothermia
• Diagnostic Workup:
• Focus on CNS and metabolic effects
• Labs: Glucose, electrolytes, bicarbonate, anion gap, ketones, toxicology screen
• Imaging (head CT) if indicated
• Management: Stabilization, IV dextrose for hypoglycemia, NPO status until alert, and consultation with poison control and social work

2. Methanol

• Sources: Windshield fluids, cleaning agents, moonshine

Clinical Stages:

1. Early: Dizziness, nausea, vomiting (0–6 hours)
2. Latent: Asymptomatic (6–30 hours)
3. Late: Vision disturbances, seizures, respiratory failure (6–72 hours)

• Key Symptoms: “Snowstorm blindness” from retinal toxicity
• Management: Fomepizole, correction of metabolic acidosis, and hemodialysis in severe cases

3. Ethylene Glycol

• Sources: Antifreeze, brake fluids, household cleaners
• Pathophysiology: Metabolism to glycolic acid (acidosis) and oxalic acid (renal failure due to calcium oxalate crystals)
• Red Flags: Hypocalcemia, renal failure, QT prolongation
• Management: Fomepizole, supportive care, and hemodialysis for severe toxicity

4. Propylene Glycol

• Sources: Medications like lorazepam and pentobarbital
• Presentation: High anion gap metabolic acidosis at high doses, with renal and liver dysfunction
• Management: Discontinue offending agent, supportive care, and hemodialysis if severe

5. Isopropyl Alcohol

• Sources: Disinfectants, hand sanitizers
• Presentation: CNS depression, GI irritation, fruity acetone breath, but no metabolic acidosis
• Management: Supportive care; fomepizole and ethanol are ineffective

• Osmolar Gap Formula:
• Measured Osmolality - Calculated Osmolality
• A high osmolar gap indicates unmeasured osmoles like toxic alcohols.
• Lactate Gap in Ethylene Glycol: Discrepancy between bedside and lab lactate levels due to glycolate interference

• Ethanol and Ethylene Glycol: Fomepizole as first-line treatment; hemodialysis for severe cases
• Methanol: Similar approach with additional focus on preventing blindness
• Propylene Glycol: Monitor lactate and renal function, discontinue offending medications
• Isopropyl Alcohol: Supportive care, no acidosis present

MEGA GAP:

• Methanol and Ethylene Glycol: Anion Gap Acidosis with elevated Osmolar Gap
• Isopropyl Alcohol: Isolated Osmolar Gap (no acidosis)
• Propylene Glycol: Mimics ethylene glycol with HAGMA at high doses

• Early recognition of toxic alcohol ingestion is critical for successful management
• Differentiate between toxic alcohols using anion gap, osmolar gap, and clinical presentation
• Engage poison control and social work early in the process

• Pediatric toxic alcohol ingestions are rare but potentially life-threatening
• Fomepizole is a cornerstone therapy for methanol and ethylene glycol toxicity
• Supportive care remains essential across all toxic alcohol ingestions

Connect with US!

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• Email: [email protected]

Did you know that Multi-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) can result from both infectious and non-infectious causes? In our latest episode, we delve deep into the pathophysiology of MODS, exploring how different organs interact and fail in sequence. We discuss key concepts like organ functional reserve and the kinetics of organ injury, which aren’t as straightforward as they seem. Tune in to learn about the non-linear progression of organ damage and how it impacts management strategies in pediatric critical care.

We break down the case into key elements:

1. Patient Background: A 15-year-old girl with chronic TPN dependence and a PICC line presented with septic shock and respiratory failure.
2. Initial Presentation: Blood cultures confirmed Gram-negative rod bacteremia. She developed multi-system complications, including acute kidney injury (AKI), thrombocytopenia, and cardiac dysfunction.
3. Management: Broad-spectrum antibiotics, mechanical ventilation, vasoactive agents, and supportive care for MODS.

• Clinical case of a 15-year-old girl with sepsis from a gram-negative rod
• Dependence on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and prolonged PICC line use
• Discussion of septic shock, acute respiratory failure, and acute kidney injury
• Overview of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and its definitions
• Pathophysiology of MODS, including organ functional reserve and kinetics of organ injury
• Molecular mechanisms involved in MODS, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and immune responses
• Specific phenotypes of sepsis-induced MODS, including TAMOF and IPMOF
• Management strategies for MODS, emphasizing multidisciplinary approaches
• Role and complications of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in treating MODS
• Importance of recognizing signs of MODS and timely intervention in pediatric patients

• Key Definition: MODS is the progressive failure of two or more organ systems due to systemic insults (infectious or non-infectious).
• Phenotypes:
• TAMOF (Thrombocytopenia-Associated Multi-Organ Failure): Characterized by thrombocytopenia, hemolysis, and decreased ADAMTS13 activity.
• Immunoparalysis: Persistent immunosuppression and risk of secondary infections.
• Sequential Liver Failure: Often associated with viral triggers.

Molecular Insights:

• Mitochondrial dysfunction and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
• Innate and adaptive immune dysregulation
• Microcirculatory dysfunction and ischemia-reperfusion injury
• Organ Interactions: MODS evolves through complex multi-organ interdependencies

• Key Diagnostic Pearls:
• MODS is not solely infection-driven; it requires a shared mechanism and predictable outcomes.
• Use biomarkers like ADAMTS13 and TNF-α response for phenotypic classification.
• Management Highlights:
• Supportive Care: Multisystem approach including lung-protective ventilation, renal replacement therapy, and hemodynamic support.
• Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE): Especially effective in TAMOF by restoring ADAMTS13 and removing inflammatory mediators.

• Early recognition of MODS phenotypes for targeted therapy
• Importance of multidisciplinary teamwork in critical care settings
• Monitoring for complications like TMA and immunoparalysis during prolonged ICU stays

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