In this episode of the Race and Rights Podcast, CSRR affiliate and Penn GSE faculty member, Ameena Ghaffar-Kucher, guest hosts an episode reflecting on the twenty-fifth anniversary of 9/11, a milestone that coincides with the two-hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the United States. She is joined by Alka Pradhan, Human Rights Counsel for Ammar al-Baluchi in the Guantánamo Bay Military Commissions and adjunct faculty at Penn Carey Law, and Zainab Saleh, Associate Professor of Anthropology at Haverford College. Their discussion traces the legal and military machinery of the so-called Global War on Terrorism and how it continues to shape policy and daily life in the United States and abroad.

The conversation situates the response to 9/11 within longer histories of policies and interventions rather than treating it as an aberration. Alka Pradhan examines this through the mechanics of law and the absence of accountability, interrogating the "terrorist" label and its effects, while Zainab Saleh grounds it in the human and material devastation of Iraq, and discusses the role of the media in the disappearance of both Iraq and Afghanistan from public memory. The guests consider how the Global War on Terror has come home: related logics of racialized suspicion that have justified detention and surveillance abroad also shape domestic policing and immigration enforcement. These practices are now drawing wider attention as they increasingly reach people's friends and neighbors, despite long-standing warnings from civil rights groups.

The conversation also weighs the benefits and costs of the term Islamophobia itself against alternatives such as racism and anti-Muslim racism. It extends into the newer term anti-Palestinian racism, and into the "Palestinian exception" to free speech, where the same post-9/11 playbook of surveillance and suppression now targets people speaking out on Palestine.

Together, the conversation asks what it means to reckon with how the response to 9/11 continues to shape law, policy, and daily life twenty-five years later.

#WarOnTerror #September11 #Islamophobia #Guantanamo #CostsOfWar #AntiPalestinianRacism #CivilRights #HumanRights

Further Reading

Maduro’s Trial Follows the Twisted Logic of the War on Terrorism | Alka Pradhan. Foreign Policy (2026) 

On Forgetting, in a Democracy | Alka Pradhan. The Cambridge Journal of Law, Politics & Art (2025) 

"Head-On Into Peril": Connecting 9/11 and Law Enforcement Abuses in Portland | Alka Pradhan, Just Security, (2020) 

Shock and Awe Revisited: Legacies of the Iraq War 20 Years Later | Zaynab Quadri, Zainab Saleh, Catherine Lutz, Osamah Khalil, Carly A. Krakow & Moustafa Bayoumi. Passport: The Newsletter of SHAFR (2023)  

What Gen Z needs to Know About 9/11 and its Aftermath | Ameena Ghaffar-Kucher & Deepa Iyer. Chalkbeat (2023)

Exit East? The Fight Against Anti-Muslim Racism | Ameena Ghaffar-Kucher & Thea Renda Abu El-Haj, The Assembly: A Journal for Public Scholarship on Education (2018) 

Guest Biographies

Zainab Saleh, PhD is Professor of Anthropology and Director of the John B. Hurford '60 Center for the Arts and Humanities at Haverford College. Her research focuses on subjectivity, nostalgia, belonging, war, empire, and violence in Iraq and the Iraqi diaspora. She is the author of Return to Ruin: Iraqi Narratives of Exile and Nostalgia(Stanford University Press, 2021), winner of the Evelyn Shakir Non-Fiction Award at the Arab American Book Awards, and Political Undesirables: Citizenship, Denaturalization, and Reclamation in Iraq (Stanford University Press, 2025). Her current work includes a forthcoming book on how US media legitimized the invasion of Iraq.

Alka Pradhan is an expert on the application of human rights and humanitarian law to counterterrorism situations, and all aspects of the prohibition on torture, from prevention to litigation and accountability. She is currently Human Rights Counsel at the Guantanamo Bay Military Commissions, representing one of the defendants in the capital case of United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammad (the “9/11 case”); and Associate Counsel for Al-Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz Ag Mohamed Ag Mahmoud at the International Criminal Court. She is also an Adjunct Professor of Law at Penn Carey Law School.

Ameena Ghaffar-Kucher, EdD is an Adv. Senior Lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania's Graduate School of Education where she is also Director of the International Educational Development Program. Her scholarship focuses on structural Islamophobia and the schooling experiences of migrant youth, particularly how race, religion, and mobility shape their civic engagement and academic opportunity. She is the Project Director of Teaching Beyond September 11th, an open-access curriculum that provides educators with materials for examining structural, institutional, and interpersonal responses to 9/11 and their effects on AMEMSA communities, through critical inquiry and within a larger historical narrative.

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In this episode of the Race and Rights Podcast, guest host Dr. Esaa Mohammad Sabti Samarah sits down with Dr. Mustafa Rfat, a faculty member at the University of Nebraska at Omaha, a scholar of forced migration and disability justice, and the Refugee Congress Delegate representing the state of Missouri, for a conversation examining the intersection of refugee rights, disability, and structural inequality. Drawing from both rigorous scholarship and lived experience as a refugee with a disability, Dr. Rfat explores how immigration systems, social policies, and institutional practices shape the lives of refugees with disabilities long before and long after resettlement.

Together, they examine the historical exclusion of people with disabilities from U.S. immigration and citizenship policy, the barriers refugees encounter when navigating health care, education, employment, and naturalization, and why disability must be understood through a social rather than medical lens alone. The discussion also explores the human consequences of recent refugee and deportation policies, highlighting how inaccessible systems and language exclusion can undermine both disability rights and fundamental human rights.

Throughout the conversation, Dr. Rfat reflects on his own journey from Iraq to the United States, illustrating how personal experience has informed a research agenda dedicated to advancing refugee health equity, participatory research, and disability justice. The episode challenges listeners to reconsider dominant narratives about refugees by centering resilience, dignity, and belonging while emphasizing the responsibility of researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to dismantle structural barriers rather than expecting individuals to overcome them alone.

This episode is essential listening for scholars, practitioners, policymakers, students, and advocates committed to refugee rights, disability justice, health equity, and human rights.

Links to Published Works

• Rfat, M. (2026). Path to Citizenship: Addressing the Needs of Refugees with Disabilities in the Naturalization Process. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work. 
• Rfat, M., Zeng, Y., Yang, Y., Adhikari, K., & Zhu, Y. (2023). A Scoping Review of Needs and Barriers to Achieving a Livable Life among Refugees with Disabilities: Implications for Future Research, Practice, and Policy. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work. 
• Rfat, M., Zeng, Y., & Trani, J.-F. (2023). Exploring the Intersectionality of Disability and Refugee Statuses: Reflecting on My Refugee Journey. British Journal of Social Work. 
• Rfat, M., Cureton, A., Mirza, M., & Trani, J.-F. (2025). The Devastating Effect of Abrupt U.S. Refugee Policy Shifts. The Lancet. 
• Rfat, M., Engelman, A., & Seaborn, S. (2026). US Forced Deportation, Language Exclusion, and Disability Justice. The Lancet. 
• Rfat, M., Yang, Y., & Cohen, F. (2025). Benefits and Challenges of Using Participatory Research Among Refugees With Disabilities: A Scoping Review. Health Education & Behavior. 

#RefugeeRights #DisabilityJustice #HealthEquity #ForcedMigration #HumanRights #SocialWork #RefugeeHealth #Accessibility #MigrationJustice 

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This episode examines the weaponization of antisemitism accusations within Israel-Palestine discourse and its counterproductive impact on combating genuine antisemitism. The discussion centers on a groundbreaking report titled 'Presumptively Antisemitic: Islamophobic Tropes in the Palestine-Israel Discourse,' which reveals how accusations of antisemitism have escalated particularly amid recent calls for ceasefire and human rights advocacy in Gaza. The conversation explores the complex political dynamics where legitimate criticism of Israeli policies becomes conflated with antisemitism, creating a chilling effect on free speech and academic discourse. This weaponization not only silences important human rights advocacy but paradoxically undermines authentic efforts to address antisemitism by diluting its meaning and creating confusion about what constitutes genuine anti-Jewish prejudice versus legitimate political criticism.

The panel brings together three distinguished experts whose combined scholarship provides comprehensive insight into this contentious intersection of politics, religion, and human rights advocacy. They each contribute specialized knowledge that illuminates how the misapplication of antisemitism perpetuates Islamophobic stereotypes and infringes upon the free speech rights of Muslims and Arabs. This demonstrates how these cross-national dynamics create a destructive cycle where efforts to protect one marginalized community inadvertently harm another, while simultaneously weakening protections for both groups. The panelists' expertise reveals the urgent need for more nuanced approaches to political discourse about the War in Gaza that can distinguish between legitimate criticism of state policies and genuine prejudice. This might offer pathways toward more effective advocacy that will combat both antisemitism and Islamophobia without sacrificing either community's safety or rights.

Biography

Mitchell Plitnick is the president of ReThinking Foreign Policy, a nonprofit organization focused on U.S. policy in the Middle East and North Africa. He is co-author, with Professor Sahar Aziz, of the CSRR report “Presumptively Antisemitic: Islamophobic Tropes in the Palestine-Israel Discourse” (2023). Previously, he served as Vice President of the Foundation for Middle East Peace and as Director of the U.S. Office of B’Tselem, the Israeli human rights organization.

Jonathan Matz is a board member of Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP), one of the largest Jewish-led organizations in the United States opposing Israeli occupation and advocating for Palestinian rights. He has been active in coalitions linking opposition to antisemitism and Islamophobia, and participated in the launch panel for the CSRR report “Presumptively Antisemitic” in December 2023.

Recommended Readings

Presumptively Antisemitic: Islamophobic Tropes in the Palestine-Israel Discourse, Rutgers Center for Security, Race and Rights (2023)

The Racial Muslim: When Racism Quashes Religious Freedom, University of California Press (2022)

Rethinking Foreign Policy: US Policy and the Palestine-Israel Conflict, ReThinking Foreign Policy (2023)

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The intersection of domestic civil rights struggles and international human rights law represents a critical frontier in the fight against systemic racism and state-sanctioned violence. The UN Human Rights Council's historic George Floyd resolution marked a watershed moment, demonstrating how international legal mechanisms can be mobilized to address persistent patterns of racial oppression within the United States. This development reflects broader questions about the relationship between legal systems and liberation, particularly when examining how the rule of law itself may function as a mechanism for perpetuating racial hierarchies rather than dismantling them. Critical race theorists have long argued that legal structures, rather than providing pathways to freedom, may actually constitute sophisticated forms of control that maintain white supremacist power relations through seemingly neutral juridical processes.

Join host Professor Sahar Aziz for a powerful dual presentation featuring Professor Benjamin Davis, who examines the international legal implications of the UN Human Rights Council's response to systemic racism in America, and Professor Anthony Farley from Albany Law School, whose groundbreaking work in Critical Race Theory explores how the very foundations of law and property rights emerge from and perpetuate anti-Black violence. Professor Davis analyzes how international human rights mechanisms are finally turning their scrutiny toward American racial injustice, while Professor Farley presents his provocative thesis that legal liberation itself may be an impossibility within current juridical structures. Together, these distinguished scholars challenge listeners to confront uncomfortable truths about whether reform within existing legal frameworks can ever achieve genuine racial justice, or whether more fundamental transformations of law and society are necessary.

#Racism #CRT #CriticalRaceTheory #CivilRights

Biography

Anthony Paul Farley is the James Campbell Matthews Distinguished Professor of Jurisprudence at Albany Law School, where he specializes in constitutional law, criminal procedure, and legal theory. He is a member of the American Law Institute and has served on the Board of Governors of the Society of American Law Teachers (SALT) and the Executive Committee of the Minorities Section of the Association of American Law Schools. Prior to joining Albany Law School, Professor Farley was a tenured faculty member at Boston College Law School for 16 years. Before entering academia, he served as an Assistant U.S. Attorney in the Office of the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia and practiced law as a Corporate/Securities Associate with Shearman and Sterling in New York City. He is a graduate of Harvard Law School and the University of Virginia.

Benjamin G. Davis is Professor of Law Emeritus at the University of Toledo College of Law, where he taught public international law, contracts, and alternative dispute resolution. He holds degrees from Harvard College, Harvard Law School, and Harvard Business School. Before entering academia, Professor Davis served as American Legal Counsel at the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris, where he supervised over 1,000 international arbitration and mediation cases. He led the successful effort in the American Society of International Law to pass its Centennial Resolution on Laws of War and Detainee Treatment, only the eighth resolution in that organization’s history. He has written and spoken extensively on accountability for torture, military commissions, and international human rights law.

Recommended Readings

The Black Body as Fetish Object, Oregon Law Review (1997)

Perfecting Slavery, Loyola University Chicago Law Journal (2004)

The Colorline as Capitalist Accumulation, Buffalo Law Review (2008)

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This episode examines the systematic violations of Palestinian human rights and the international community's failure to hold Israel accountable for breaching its treaty obligations. Accountability is necessary for the documented crimes against humanity of apartheid and persecution that Israeli authorities commit against millions of Palestinians, and the broader pattern of human rights abuses across Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza. 

How do these violations persist despite clear international legal frameworks, and the devastating humanitarian consequences for Palestinian civilians who face displacement, restricted access to basic services, and ongoing threats to their survival? We analyze the international community's inconsistent response to these documented abuses and the urgent need for meaningful accountability mechanisms. 

Join host Sahar Aziz for this critical analysis of international law, state responsibility, and the ongoing humanitarian crisis facing millions of Palestinians. Our guest is Omar Shakir, Israel and Palestine Director at Human Rights Watch, whose groundbreaking documentation of Israeli apartheid and persecution led to his deportation by the Israeli government in 2019. A Stanford Law graduate and former Fulbright Scholar, Shakir has dedicated his career to human rights advocacy, from representing Guantanamo detainees at the Center for Constitutional Rights to investigating the Rab’a massacre in Egypt. His comprehensive reports on crimes against humanity in Israel and Palestine have shaped international discourse on accountability and justice.  

 #Israel #Palestine #Gaza #Genocide #ICC #HumanRights 

 Biography

Omar Shakir is the Executive Director of Democracy in the Arab World Now (DAWN), the organization founded by the late Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi that seeks to change US policy in the Middle East and hold human rights abusers in the region accountable. Prior to his current role, Omar served for nearly a decade as the Israel and Palestine Director at Human Rights Watch. In that capacity, he spearheaded the organization's documentation of the genocide in Gaza and other atrocities across Israel/Palestine and authored several seminal reports, including a 213-page report documenting how Israeli authorities are committing the crimes against humanity of apartheid and persecution against millions of Palestinians, the most widely covered and viewed report in the organization's history. 

Before that, he was a Bertha Fellow at the Center for Constitutional Rights, where he worked as part of legal teams that represented men detained at Guantanamo Bay, making frequent visits to the detention facility.

Recommended Readings

Extermination and Acts of Genocide, Human Rights Watch (2024)

Hopeless, Starving, and Besieged, Human Rights Watch (2024)

A Threshold Crossed: Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution, Human Rights Watch (2021)

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This episode explores how colonial states and nation-states have been mutually constructed through the deliberate politicization of religious or ethnic majorities at the expense of manufactured minorities. The discussion traces this destructive pattern from its American origins—where genocide and reservation systems created permanent native minorities—to its adoption by both Nazi Germany and Allied forces in Europe, and its contemporary manifestations from Israel to Sudan. The conversation challenges conventional approaches to addressing political violence, arguing that legal frameworks like those attempted at Nuremberg have inherent limitations and that true resolution requires political rather than criminal solutions.

Join host Sahar Aziz in conversation with Dr. Mahmood Mamdani, about his provocative new book “Neither Settler Nor Native—Making and Unmaking of Permanent Minorities” argues for delinking the nation from the state to ensure equal political rights for all residents, moving beyond permanent political identities of settler and native.

Biography

Mahmood Mamdani is the Herbert Lehman Professor of Government at Columbia University and former Executive Director of Makerere Institute of Social Research in Uganda. With a PhD from Harvard and an expertise spanning histories of Western imperialist projects, anti-colonialist movements, and decolonization, Dr. Mamdani has spent decades examining the intersection of politics and culture through comparative colonial studies, civil war and genocide in Africa, and the politics of knowledge production.

Recommended Reading

Mahmood Mamdani,Neither Settler Nor Native: The Making and Unmaking of Permanent Minorities(Harvard 2022)

Mahmood Mamdani,Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror(Bantam 2005)

#Israel #Palestine #HumanRights #Colonialism #Anticolonialism #SouthAfrica #Mamdani #Settler

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In this episode, Professor Sahar Aziz is in conversation with award winning journalist Isma’il Kuskush about the complex origins, multiple domestic and foreign actors, and human rights crisis of Sudan’s war. The ongoing power struggle between rival military elites is rooted in decades of militarization, failed democratic transition, and unresolved ethnic conflict. Its humanitarian consequences—mass displacement, famine risk, and widespread atrocities—have elevated it into one of the most severe human rights crises globally.

The current war in Sudan began in April 2023, when fighting erupted between two factions of the country’s security forces: the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). The immediate trigger was a dispute over integrating the RSF into the national army as part of a planned transition to civilian rule after years of military dominance. A critical turning point occurred in 2019, when longtime dictator Omar al-Bashir was overthrown. A fragile civilian–military transition followed, but in October 2021, the SAF and RSF jointly staged a coup that derailed democratic reforms. Tensions between the two leaders then escalated into open conflict as both sought control over the state, economic resources (especially gold), and the future political system.

The devastating war in Sudan has produced what many international organizations describe as the world’s largest humanitarian crisis. Millions of civilians have been displaced, and basic infrastructure—healthcare, food distribution, and education—has collapsed in many regions.

Biography

Isma’il Kushkush is a Sudanese-American journalist who was based in Khartoum, Sudan, for eight years, where he contributed to The New York Times, CNN, Voice of America and Al Jazeera English. For two three-month periods in 2014 and again in 2015, he was acting bureau chief for The New York Times in East Africa based in Nairobi. He has covered political, economic, social and cultural stories from Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Burundi, Sweden and the United States. He has also worked as a fixer, translator and interpreter. Kushkush grew up in the United States, Sudan, Syria and Kuwait. He received a master of arts degree in journalism from Columbia Journalism School in New York with a focus on politics and global affairs. He is a fluent Arabic-speaker.

Recommended Readings

Isma’il Kushkush,Leaving Khartoum(The New York Review 2025)

Isma’il Kuskkush,Sudan’s Journalists Risk Everything to Cover a War the World Ignores(Neiman Reports 2026)

Isma’il Kushkush,Sudan’s Uprising, Bashir’s Fall, and My Father’s Passing(The New Yorker 2019)

#Sudan #HumanRights #Khartoum #CivilWar #UAE #Egypt

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African Islamic modernity is a complex and ongoing historical project—our guest’s scholarship illuminates the intricate entanglements between African racial identities, Islamic ways of living, and modernity as the dominant global framework for social, economic, and political organization. Using Senegal as a focal point, Professor Wendell Marsh explores how a society with a millennium of Islamic presence and over five centuries of integration into the global economy—shaped sequentially by the trans-Atlantic slave trade, colonization, and neoliberal structural adjustment—has consistently escaped both Africanist and Orientalist scholarly constructions.  

Wendell Marsh's expertise in African-Arabic textuality and the intellectual history of Islam in Africa provides essential insight into how Islamic scholarly traditions in places like Senegal have produced sophisticated theological and political responses to colonial domination and global economic integration. His research on figures like Shaykh Musa Kamara demonstrates how African Muslim intellectuals developed complex theoretical frameworks that simultaneously engaged with global Islamic thought, resisted colonial epistemologies, and articulated distinctly African forms of Islamic modernity. 

This scholarly approach reveals how African Islamic modernity represents not simply a reaction to Western modernity, but rather an alternative genealogy of modern thought that emerges from the intersection of Islamic intellectual traditions, African social structures, and the historical experience of slavery, colonialism, and contemporary global capitalism. 

The episode draws on cutting-edge scholarship in Africana Studies that challenges conventional academic boundaries between African Studies, Islamic Studies, and colonial history to reveal how African Islamic societies have created unique pathways to modernity. 

Biography

Wendell Marsh is an Associate Professor of African Humanities at Mohammed VI Polytechnic University in Ben Guérir, Morocco. He researches and teaches at the intersections of African and diasporic intellectual history, comparative literature, religious studies, and the politics of knowledge production. Professor Marsh’s scholarship foregrounds African contributions to global intellectual traditions—especially through Arabic-language sources—and examines how race, religion, and language shape the humanities and public discourse.

Recommended Readings

Wendell Marsh, Textual Life: Islam, Africa, and the Fate of the Humanities (Columbia University Press, 2025)

#Islam #Africa #IslamicModernity #Muslims #Humanities #Slavery #Colonialism

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How has international law been strategically deployed to shape the Palestinian struggle for freedom across a century-long arc, from the Balfour Declaration in 1917 to present-day wars in Gaza.  Join host Sahar Aziz in conversation with Noura Erakat about the promise and risk of international law in the pursuit of Palestinian freedom and the broader relationship between law and liberation. 

Our discussion examines the concept of "legal work"—the deliberate efforts by powerful actors to bend legal doctrine to their objectives—and how this has transformed international law to advance certain interests over others. We delve into the "sovereign exception" framework that has enabled the creation of exceptional legal categories excluding Palestinians from otherwise applicable protections, from the British Mandate period through Israeli occupation and colonization. Legal strategies have been used to consolidate territorial control, facilitate dispossession, and legitimize military tactics that compromise civilian protections globally, while also exploring moments when weaker actors have leveraged law's emancipatory potential through strategic and tactical ingenuity. 

Professor Noura Erakat’s groundbreaking work demonstrates that the law's current outcomes were never inevitable—that law is politics, and its meaning depends on political intervention by states and people alike. Through original interviews with principals from Israeli-Palestinian negotiations and comprehensive historical analysis, she reveals how Palestinian leaders gained significant legal victories at the UN before eventually exchanging hard-won international recognition for a bilateral peace process that accelerated their dispossession. Her work shows both the profound limitations of international law when serving the powerful and its counterintuitive utility when mobilized in support of political movements seeking liberation. 

Biography

Noura Erakat is Professor of Africana Studies and Criminal Justice at Rutgers University, New Brunswick. She is the author of Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine (Stanford University Press, 2019), which received the Palestine Book Award and the Bronze Medal for the Independent Publishers Book Award in Current Events/Foreign Affairs. She is a legal scholar with research interests in humanitarian law, human rights law, critical race theory, national security law, and Palestinian Studies. She has published over two dozen academic articles and book chapters, including in the American Journal of International Law, American Quarterly, and the Oxford Bibliographies in International Law. 

Recommended Reading

Noura Erakat, Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine (Stanford 2019)

Rashid Khalidi, The One Hundred Years’ War on Palestine (MacMillan 2020)

#Israel #Palestine #Gaza #Genocide #ICC #HumanRights #InternationalLaw

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In this episode, Professor Vernellia Randall presents a groundbreaking analysis of how centuries of systemic racism have created and perpetuated devastating health disparities within African American communities. Drawing from extensive research, she traces the direct lineage from the "slave health deficit" established during slavery through Jim Crow segregation to today's persistent health inequalities, revealing how African Americans continue to experience disproportionately higher rates of disease, infant mortality, and premature death. Her work demonstrates that these disparities are not coincidental but represent the ongoing legacy of institutionalized racism that has never been adequately addressed through legal or policy interventions. 

Professor Randall's work extends beyond documenting health disparities to exploring the systemic barriers within healthcare delivery itself, including discriminatory access to hospitals, nursing homes, and quality medical care. She argues that current health disparities represent an unrepaired historical injustice that requires more than incremental reform—instead calling for a comprehensive reparations framework that addresses both the root causes and continuing manifestations of racial health inequality. Her proposed solution involves equitable rather than merely compensatory reparations, including transformative healthcare civil rights legislation designed to repair, not just acknowledge, centuries of harm to Black health and wellbeing. 

Biography

Vernellia Randall is Professor Emerita of Law at the University of Dayton School of Law.  She is the founder and editor of Race, Racism and the Law.  Professor Randall is a recipient of the Chairman’s Award from the Ohio Commission on Minority Health and has been honored by a Commendation from the Ohio House of Representatives. Randall is an accomplished webmaster and has received awards for her website development. Some of her sites include: “Race, Health Care and the Law” and “Gender and the Law”. 

Recommended Readings

Vernellia Randall, Dying While Black (2006).

#Racism #Segregation #Black #Health #Inequality

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