Why are women paid less on average than men for the same job? Is it sexism? Why do certain ethnic groups have worse outcomes than others?  Is it racism?  Why did Alberto Salazar beat Frank Turek by 43 minutes in the 1981 New York City Marathon?  Was it discrimination?  How do you discover the causes for different outcomes in life?  

Frank shows that true cause and effect regarding outcomes in our society is much more difficult to establish than those who chant slogans.  There are hundreds of reasons why people wind up where they are.   Discrimination may explain some of it, but our country has made great progress away from racism despite what current woke people say.  Racism does not explain everything.  

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