Knee Anatomy, ACL, PCL, and Ligaments. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-10.

Chapters:

0:00 Intro

0:31 The Knee as a Synovial Joint, and the Screw-Home Mechanism

5:51 Soft-Tissue Stability and Normal Range of Motion

8:26 The Q-Angle

10:21 Knee Muscles and Their Nerve Roots

15:36 Lachman Versus the Anterior Drawer

21:11 PCL Injury, Sag Sign, and Quadriceps Active Test

23:41 MCL Injury and Grading

25:41 LCL Injury, the Peroneal Nerve, and the Posterolateral Corner

27:21 Knee Dislocation - the Vascular Emergency

30:31 Five Things to Know Cold

Knee Meniscus, Patellofemoral, and Overuse. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-11.

Chapters:

0:00 Intro

0:31 Meniscus Anatomy, Vascular Zones, and Tear Patterns

9:16 Tear Morphology and Mechanism of Injury

12:56 Meniscus Provocative Tests: McMurray, Thessaly, and Apley

16:26 The Repair-versus-Resect Decision and Its Rehab

18:51 Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome and Lateral Maltracking

22:31 The Apprehension Test and the J Sign

26:21 Rehab: Short-Arc Quadriceps Work and Proximal Hip Strengthening

31:16 Joint Reaction Forces, and Bicycle Fitting

33:41 Patellar Tendinopathy, Tendon Rupture, and Iliotibial Band Syndrome

37:26 Iliotibial Band Syndrome

42:21 Pes Anserine Bursitis and the Adolescent Traction Apophysitides

47:11 Knee Osteoarthritis and Kellgren-Lawrence Grading

51:21 The Treatment Ladder

54:46 Rehab After Total Knee Arthroplasty

56:16 DVT Prophylaxis After TKA

59:41 Osteochondritis Dissecans

1:01:56 Five Things to Know Cold

Ankle Anatomy, Lateral Sprains, Achilles Pathology, and Compartment Syndrome. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-12.

Chapters:

0:00 Intro

0:31 The Ankle Mortise, Range of Motion, and the Inversion Bias

7:36 Ligaments and the Predictable Lateral Sprain Sequence

15:26 Anterior Drawer, Talar Tilt, and Sprain Grading

20:11 Ottawa Ankle Rules, Weber, and Hawkins Classifications

26:51 Hawkins Classification of Talar Neck Fractures and the Hawkins Sign

31:46 Achilles Tendon - Anatomy, Rupture, and Tendinopathy

40:21 Achilles Tendinopathy: Non-insertional versus Insertional

45:51 Compartment Syndromes and Peroneal Tendon Subluxation

52:41 Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome, Shin Splints, and Popliteal Artery Entrapment

57:06 Sinus Tarsi Syndrome and Peroneal Tendon Subluxation

59:21 Five Things to Know Cold

Foot: Stress Fractures, Plantar Fasciitis, Morton, Lisfranc, and Deformities. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-13.

Chapters:

0:00 Intro

0:31 The Three Arches and the Bones That Build Each One

7:21 Stress Fractures: Where They Happen and Why

10:36 The High-Risk Stress Fracture Sites

15:36 Screening and Imaging After a Stress Fracture

18:56 The Fifth Metatarsal Base: Three Zones, and What the Classification Is Actually Called

20:31 The Three Zones of the Fifth Metatarsal Base

25:06 Plantar Fasciitis and the Windlass Mechanism

28:11 Confirming and Treating Plantar Fasciitis

32:06 Morton Neuroma

35:46 Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

38:56 Lisfranc Injury and Its Two Mechanisms

41:06 Why Lisfranc Injuries Get Missed, and How the Film Catches Them

43:26 Pes Planus: Flexible Versus Rigid

46:31 The Four Stages of Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction

49:56 Pes Cavus Is a Neurologic Diagnosis

52:16 Hallux Valgus and the Two Angles

54:36 Hammer, Claw, and Mallet Toes, and Turf Toe

57:26 Freiberg Infraction and Charcot Foot

1:02:01 Five Things to Know Cold

Spine: Anatomy, Disc Herniation, and Radiculopathy. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-14.

Chapters:

0:00 Intro

0:31 The Vertebral Column and the Upper Cervical Joints

10:31 The Intervertebral Disc and the Spinal Ligaments

17:11 Disc Herniation and the Traversing versus Exiting Root Rule

22:51 Cervical Radiculopathy - Root-by-Root Findings

30:11 Lumbar Radiculopathy, Root by Root

34:41 Lumbar Provocative Tests and the Foot Drop Trap

41:06 Lhermitte Sign and Thoracic Radiculopathy

46:46 Imaging, Injections, and Surgery

52:26 Five Things to Know Cold

Spine: Stenosis, Spondylolisthesis, and Facet-Mediated Pain. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-15.

Chapters:

0:00 Intro

0:31 Cervical Stenosis - Why the Canal Numbers Work

8:01 Radiculopathy versus Myelopathy

10:51 The Upper Motor Neuron Exam

12:56 Imaging and Grading Cervical Myelopathy

15:21 What Else Compresses a Cord - Seven Non-Degenerative Causes

19:11 Rheumatoid Pannus, and Why Myelopathy Goes to Surgery

21:01 Lumbar Spinal Stenosis - Three Places the Canal Narrows

26:56 Neurogenic versus Vascular Claudication

30:01 Treating Lumbar Stenosis - Flexion In, Extension Out

31:41 Spondylolysis - the Pars Stress Fracture

33:56 Imaging the Pars

35:26 Spondylolysis Treatment - and the Two Criteria for Return to Sport

37:06 Spondylolisthesis and the Meyerding Grades

40:01 The Wiltse Classification - Six Types

42:16 Evaluating and Managing a Slip

45:46 Facet-Mediated Pain

48:16 Dual Medial Branch Innervation

50:11 The Medial Branch Block and Radiofrequency Ablation

52:06 Radiofrequency Ablation and Facet Rehab

54:16 Discitis and Vertebral Osteomyelitis

57:21 Who Gets It - Five Host Risk Factors

59:01 Imaging and Treating Spinal Infection

1:01:56 Scheuermann Disease

1:04:56 Five Things to Know Cold

Spine: Red Flags, Cauda Equina, Scoliosis, and Ankylosing Spondylitis. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-16.

Chapters:

0:00 Intro

0:31 Red Flags for Back Pain

12:11 Cauda Equina and Conus Medullaris Syndromes

20:41 Ankylosing Spondylitis and Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis

31:36 Scoliosis and Scheuermann Kyphosis

40:21 Cervical Clearance, Sacral Insufficiency, Coccygodynia, and Waddell Signs

48:46 Five Things to Know Cold

Sports Medicine. Topics: Concussion, Return-to-Play Protocol, and Stingers. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-17.

Chapters:

0:00 Intro

0:31 Concussion Definition and Pathophysiology

9:51 Sideline Recognition, Red Flags, and the Maddocks Questions

16:16 The Four SCAT-6 Testing Components

19:16 Graduated Return-to-Play Protocol

22:21 Recurrence, the One-Week Floor, and Return-to-Learn

25:46 Second Impact Syndrome and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

30:51 Stingers and the Cervical Cord Distinction

36:26 The Female Athlete Triad and RED-S

39:06 Five Things to Know Cold

Sports Medicine. Topics: Exercise Physiology, Cardiac Equations, and Muscle Physiology. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-18.

Chapters:

0:00 Intro

0:31 V-O-two Max and the Plateau That Defines It

5:51 Reference Numbers and the Central-Versus-Peripheral Split

9:36 The Met, the Conversion, and the Met Ladder

12:51 Cardiac Output Equals Heart Rate Times Stroke Volume

15:06 The Trained Heart and Eccentric Hypertrophy

17:31 The Fick Equation

19:01 The Karvonen Formula and Heart Rate Reserve

22:21 The Original Borg Scale - Six to Twenty

25:11 Three Ways to Dose Intensity

27:16 The F-I-T-T Principle

28:56 The Three Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types

30:56 The Henneman Size Principle

33:56 The Four Contraction Types

37:51 The Length-Tension Relationship - Active and Passive

41:56 Five Things to Know Cold

Sports Medicine. Topics: Environmental Illness, Rhabdomyolysis, and Special Populations. Part of the Musculoskeletal series of the Reflex PM&R Board Review podcast. The full companion chapter and a linked board-style Q-bank set for this topic are at https://www.reflexpmr.com/read/MSK-19.

Chapters:

0:00 Intro

0:31 Heat Illness: Cramps, Exhaustion, and Stroke

10:01 Altitude Illness: A-M-S, H-A-C-E, and H-A-P-E

17:31 Exertional Rhabdomyolysis and Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia

21:31 Exertional Rhabdomyolysis and Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia - Part 2

24:56 Single-Organ Athletes and the Laws of Tissue Remodeling

28:36 Single-Organ Athletes and the Laws of Tissue Remodeling - Part 2

30:41 Open and Closed Kinetic Chains, and the Levers of the Body

32:46 Five Things to Know Cold