Haemochromatosis explained, including iron physiology and haemochromatosis pathophysiology, as well as the various genetic causes of hereditary haemochromatosis. We also look at the main symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatment options. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Haemochromatosis? 
0:15 Haemochromatosis Pathophysiology 
2:24 Hereditary Haemochromatosis Genetics
3:53 Causes of Secondary Haemochromatosis
4:11 Haemochromatosis Symptoms
6:18 Haemochromatosis Diagnosis
7:58 Haemochromatosis Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Haemochromatosis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/134
2. Hamilton, J - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Hereditary Hemochromatosis. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/iron-overload/hereditary-hemochromatosis
3. Hamilton, J. - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Overview of Iron Overload. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/iron-overload/overview-of-iron-overload
4. Hamilton, J - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Secondary Iron Overload. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/iron-overload/secondary-iron-overload
5. British Society for Haematology (2021) Guidelines for the monitoring and management of iron overload in patients with haemoglobinopathies and rare anaemias. Available at https://b-s-h.org.uk/guidelines/guidelines/guidelines-for-the-monitoring-and-management-of-iron-overload-in-patients-with-haemoglobinopathies-and-rare-anaemias
6. Tsutomu N. (2017) Diagnosis and Clinical Implications of Diabetes in Liver Cirrhosis: A Focus on the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5686620/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Fever in children and infants is a common presenting complaint. We look at the potential causes of fever in children as well as red flag symptoms. Also includes fever pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is a fever?
0:44 Fever Pathophysiology
1:35 How does Fever help fight infections?
1:59 Fever vs Hyperthermia
2:20 Most Common Causes of Fever in Children
3:45 Signs and Symptoms
5:44 Spotting the Unwell Child
6:41 Diagnosis of Fever in Children
8:47 Treatment of Fever in Children

References:

1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Assessment of fever in children. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/692/diagnosis-approach
2. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Feverish Children Risk Assessment and Management. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/feverish-children-risk-assessment-management/
3. NICE (2019) Traffic light system for identifying risk of serious illness in under 5. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng143/resources/support-for-education-and-learning-educational-resource-traffic-light-table-pdf-6960664333
4. Consolini, D - MSD Manuals Pro (2022) Fever in Infants and Children. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/pediatrics/symptoms-in-infants-and-children/fever-in-infants-and-children
5. Meningitis Now Meningitis symptoms in children. Available at https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/signs-and-symptoms/signs-and-symptoms-children/
6. Upton D. Allen - Canadian Paediatric Society (2018) The use of antiviral drugs for influenza: Guidance for practitioners. Available at https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/antiviral-drugs-for-influenza

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

We look at the most common ECG rhythms and patterns seen in Medicine, including main identifying features of each. 

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Recommended sources for further reading:
https://litfl.com/ecg-library/
https://ecgwaves.com/

Timestamps:
0:00 Sinus Rhythm (Sinus Tachycardia & Sinus Bradycardia
1:06 Atrial Fibrillation 2:35 – AF video link
2:38 Atrial Flutter
4:26 Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVCs) & Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs)
5:40 Bundle Branch Block (LBBB & RBBB) 
6:41 1st Degree AV Block
7:03 2nd Degree AV Block - Mobitz 1 (Wenckebach) & Mobitz 2 (Hay)
7:39 3rd Degree Heart Block (Complete Heart Block) 8:15 Heart Block Video Link
8:19 Ventricular Tachycardia & Ventricular Fibrillation
10:20 ST Elevation

References:

1. Nickson, C - Life in the Fast Lane (2023) Atrial Fibrillation. Available at https://litfl.com/atrial-fibrillation/
2. Buttner, R. Burns, E - Life in the Fast Lane (2022) Atrial Flutter. Available at https://litfl.com/atrial-flutter-ecg-library/
3. Larkin, J. Burns, E - Life in the Fast Lane (2021) AV Block: 1st Degree. Available at https://litfl.com/first-degree-heart-block-ecg-library/
4. Burns, E. Buttner, R - Life in the Fast Lane (2021) AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz I (Wenckebach Phenomenon). Available at https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-i-wenckebach-phenomenon/
5. Burns, E. Buttner, R - Life in the Fast Lane (2022) AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz II (Hay block). Available at https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-ii-hay-block/
6. Larkin, J. Buttner, R. - Life in the Fast Lane (2023) AV Block: 3rd Degree. Available at https://litfl.com/av-block-3rd-degree-complete-heart-block/
7. Buttner, R. Burns, E - Life in the Fast Lane (2023) Ventricular Tachycardia – Monomorphic VT. Available at https://litfl.com/ventricular-tachycardia-monomorphic-ecg-library/
8. Burns, E. Buttner, R - Life in the Fast Lane (2022) The ST Segment. Available at https://litfl.com/st-segment-ecg-library/
9. British Heart Foundation Atrial Flutter and Atrial Fibrillation. Available at https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/ask-the-experts/atrial-flutter
10. ECG Waves The ECG Book. Available at https://ecgwaves.com/course/the-ecg-book/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Trigeminal Neuralgia explained, including symptoms, causes, pathophysiology as well as diagnosis (with criteria) and treatment options.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Trigeminal Neuralgia?
0:15 Trigeminal Neuralgia Pathophysiology
1:30 Trigeminal Neuralgia Symptoms
2:31 Trigeminal Neuralgia Causes
3:04 Trigeminal Neuralgia Diagnosis
4:33 Trigeminal Neuralgia Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/209/
2. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/trigeminal-neuralgia/
3. Julie G. Pilitsis, MD, PhD, Olga Khazen - American Association of Neurological Surgeons -Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at https://www.aans.org/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Trigeminal-Neuralgia
4. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke - Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/trigeminal-neuralgia

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Cranial Nerve Examination explained, including individual nerve functions as well as mnemonics to remember Cranial Nerve names and function! 

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Timestamps:
0:00 Preparation
0:59 Cranial Nerve Mnemonics
1:42 General Inspection
2:04 Cranial Nerve 1 (Olfactory Nerve)
2:52 Cranial Nerve 2 (Optic Nerve) 
5:05 Pupillary Reflexes
7:20 Cranial Nerve 3 (Oculomotor) Cranial Nerve 4 (Trochlear) & Cranial Nerve 6 (Abducens)
9:11 Cranial Nerve 5 (Trigeminal Nerve)
10:49 Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial Nerve)
12:29 Cranial Nerve 8 (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)
12:58 Cranial Nerve 9 (Glossopharyngeal Nerve) & Cranial Nerve 10 (Vagus Nerve)
14:26 Cranial Nerve 11 (Spinal Accessory Nerve)
14:47 Cranial Nerve 12 (Hypoglossal Nerve)
15:17 Concluding the Examination

References:

1. Sanders, K. - Teach Me Anatomy (2022)“Cranial Nerves”. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/cranial-nerves/
2. Oxford Medical Education (2015) “Cranial Nerve Examination”. Available at: https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/clinical-examinations/cranial-nerve-examination/
3. M. Flower, M. Rose and J. Stern - MRCP (2019) “Nervous System Examination”. Available at: https://www.mrcpuk.org/sites/default/files/documents/Nervous system examination for PACES (002).pdf
4. Bargiela, D - Geeky Medics (2010) - “Cranial Nerve Examination - OSCE Guide”. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/cranial-nerve-exam/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A review of the Cardiovascular System Examination, involving a systematic approach to help remember the key points, including trickier parts to remember like the JVP and Osler's Nodes vs Janeway Lesions.  

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Timestamps:
0:00 Cardiovascular System Exam Structure
0:25 Preparation - WIPE Mnemonic
0:57 Cardiovascular System Assessment - General Inspection
1:44 Cardiovascular System Assessment - Specific Inspection
6:18 Cardiovascular System Assessment - Auscultation
8:28 Cardiovascular System Assessment - Palpation and Percussion
10:24 Concluding the Examination 

References

1. Kennedy, S. PACES Medical Education Leeds (2023) Cardiovascular Examination. Available at https://www.medicaleducationleeds.com/paces/cardiovascular-examination/
2. OSCE Stop. Cardiac Examination. Available at https://oscestop.education/clinical-examination/cardiac-examination/
3. Baliga, R. R (2001) 250 Cases in Clinical Medicine. Available at https://archive.org/details/250casesinclinic0000bali_03ed
4. Potter, L. Geeky Medics (2023) Cardiovascular Examination. Available at https://geekymedics.com/cardiovascular-examination-2/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Cystic Fibrosis explained, including Cystic Fibrosis pathophysiology, as well as its common symptoms. We also cover how Cystic Fibrosis is diagnosed (including newborn screening,  sweat testing and genetic testing) as well as Cystic Fibrosis treatment (with CFTR modulators!). 

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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1

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Timestamps: 
0:00 What is Cystic Fibrosis?
0:53 Cystic Fibrosis Pathophysiology
5:55 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms 
7:19 Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis
9:29 Cystic Fibrosis Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Cystic Fibrosis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/403
2. MSD Manuals Pro (2022) Cystic Fibrosis. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/cystic-fibrosis-cf/cystic-fibrosis
3. Fenker, D (2018) A Comparison between Two Pathophysiologically Different yet Microbiologically Similar Lung Diseases: Cystic Fibrosis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6322854/
4. Cystic Fibrosis Trust (2022) UK Cystic Fibrosis Registry 2021 Annual Data Report. Available at https://www.cysticfibrosis.org.uk/news/key-findings-from-the-2021-cf-registry-report
5. Elaine Yu; Sandeep Sharma (2022) Cystic Fibrosis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493206/
6. British Lung Foundation. Cystic Fibrosis statistics. Available at https://statistics.blf.org.uk/cystic-fibrosis
7. Andrea H. Roe (2021) Gynecologic health care for females with cystic fibrosis.        Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8607192/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Diverticular Disease explained, including differences between diverticulosis and diverticulitis, diverticular disease pathophysiology as well as signs and symptoms of each. Also includes diagnosis, and diverticular disease treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Diverticular Disease? (Diverticulitis vs Diverticulosis)
0:31 Diverticular Disease Pathophysiology
2:04 Diverticular Disease Symptoms
4:03 Diverticular Disease Diagnosis
4:47 Diverticular Disease Treatment

References

1. MSD Manuals Pro (2022) Diverticular Disease. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/diverticular-disease
2. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Diverticular Disease. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000089

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Psychiatric history taking has some clear differences from typical medical history taking. Here is an approach to help you remember the main points that need to be covered in a Psychiatry History Taking. 

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Timestamps:
0:05 General Approach
0:43 5S’s - Symptoms
2:31 5S’s - Social
3:24 5S’s - Substances
3:52 5S’s - Psychosis
5:07 5S’s - Self Harm / Suicide

References:

1. Psych DB (2022) The Psychiatric Interview. Available at https://www.psychdb.com/teaching/1-psych-interview
2. OSCE Stop (2023) Psychiatric history. Available at https://oscestop.education/history-taking/psychiatric-history/
3. Speller, J - Geeky Medics (2023) Psychiatric History Taking – OSCE Guide. Available at https://geekymedics.com/psychiatric-history-taking-osce-guide/
4. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2021) Psychosis and schizophrenia. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/psychosis-schizophrenia/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) explained, including COPD pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, COPD diagnosis and treatment (with GOLD recommendations). 

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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? 
0:20 Normal Anatomy & Breathing Physiology
1:06 COPD Pathophysiology 
3:20 COPD Causes
3:56 COPD Symptoms
6:08 COPD Exacerbations & Complications
6:52 COPD Diagnosis
8:58 COPD Treatment - Exacerbation
9:52 COPD Treatment - Stable 

References

1. MSD Manuals Pro (2022) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-and-related-disorders/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd
2. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/7/
3. Pandirajan, K. - TeachMePhysiology (2023) Mechanics of Breathing. Available at https://teachmephysiology.com/respiratory-system/ventilation/mechanics-of-breathing/
4. Anuj K. Agarwal (2023) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. ****Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559281/
5. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (2023). 2023 GOLD REPORT. Available at https://goldcopd.org/2023-gold-report-2/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.