A look at menopause including its definition and physiology, as well as the common symptoms of menopause, the diagnosis and menopause treatment (including hormone replacement therapy). 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is the Menopause? 
0:35 Menopause Physiology
1:43 Menopause Causes (Other than natural) 
3:06 Menopause Symptoms
4:59 Menopause Diagnosis
6:18 Menopause Treatment 
7:15 Menopause Treatment (Hormone Replacement Therapy)

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Menopause. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/194/
2. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) Menopause. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/menopause/
3. MSD Manuals Pro (2023) Menopause. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menopause/menopause
4. Hyun-Kyung Kim (2015) The Recent Review of the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4561742/
5. Lumen Learning The Ovarian Cycle, the Menstrual Cycle, and Menopause. Available at https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/the-ovarian-cycle-the-menstrual-cycle-and-menopause/
6. British Menopause Society (2023) Education. Available at https://thebms.org.uk/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

We cover Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), including signs and symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome, its pathophysiology as well as the diagnostic criteria (Rotterdam criteria). We also look at Polycystic Ovary Syndrome treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome? 
0:17 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Pathophysiology
2:42 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Symptoms
4:25 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Diagnosis (Rotterdam Criteria) 
6:33 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Treatment 

References:

1. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/
2. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/141
3. Lorena I. Rasquin; Catherine Anastasopoulou; Jane V. Mayrin (2022) Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459251/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A look at the main forms of congenital heart disease including Left to Right Shunts (VSD,ASD, Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Anomalous Pulmonary Vein Connections) and Right to Left Shunts (Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of the Great Arteries, Ebsteins Anomaly). 

Heart Sounds by:
Easy Auscultation https://www.easyauscultation.com/heart-sounds
License https://drive.google.com/file/d/1alTtvcl4sXTwPLhTYIxRps-deCVbGQRz/view?usp=drive_link

Volumes altered - no other changes made. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Congenital Heart Disease?
0:20 Types of Congenital Heart Disease Overview
1:07 Normal Anatomy & Physiology 
1:43 Left to Right Shunting Pathophysiology (Eisenmenger’s Syndrome)
3:04 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
5:25 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
7:35 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
11:16 Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections (APVC)
13:53 Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
14:49 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) 
16:02 Ebstein’s Anomaly
17:45 Aortic Coarctation 

References:

1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Congenital Heart Disease. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1308/details
2. Arvanitaki, A (2020) Eisenmenger syndrome: diagnosis, prognosis and clinical management. Available at **https://heart.bmj.com/content/106/21/1638
3. Remien, K & Majmunda, S.H (2023) Physiology, Fetal Circulation. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539710/
4. MSD Manuals Pro. Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) explained, including subtypes such as Hypermobile EDS and Vascular EDS. We look at the hypermobility criteria (including Beighton score), as well as Ehlers Danlos Syndrome treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Ehlers Danlos Syndrome? 
0:25 Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Pathophysiology
1:17 Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Causes
1:50 Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Symptoms and Signs
4:17 Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Diagnosis
6:15 Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Treatment 

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Back pain is extremely common, but these red flag symptoms help identify serious causes of back pain that require further investigation, using the mnemonic TUNA FISH. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 Sinister Causes of Back Pain
0:48 TUNA FISH 

References

1. Royal College of Emergency Medicine (2021) Acute Lower Back Pain. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/reference/lower-back-pain/
2. Royal College of Emergency Medicine (2023) Silver Trauma. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/foamed/silver-trauma/
3. Radiopaedia (2021) Red Flags of Low Back Pain (Mnemonic). Available at https://radiopaedia.org/articles/red-flags-of-low-back-pain-mnemonic
4. GP Notebook (2022) Tuna Fish (Back Pain and Red Flags). Available at https://gpnotebook.com/simplepage.cfm?ID=x20201229132328621058
5. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Back Pain - Low (Without Radiculopathy). Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/back-pain-low-without-radiculopathy/diagnosis/assessment/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A systematic approach to describing heart murmurs, as well as summaries on the main valve disorders causing murmurs with corresponding audio.

Heart sounds by:
Professional Skill Builder, Copyright 2005-2015 by The Regents of the University of Michigan (https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/psb_open/html/repo/primer_heartsound/primer_heartsound.html)
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Easy Auscultation: https://www.easyauscultation.com/heart-sounds
License: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1alTtvcl4sXTwPLhTYIxRps-deCVbGQRz/view?usp=drive_link

Volumes altered - no other changes made. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is a heart murmur? 
1:30 Aortic Stenosis
2:42 Aortic Stenosis Murmur Audio
4:33 Aortic Regurgitation
5:02 Aortic Regurgitation Murmur Audio
6:03 Mitral Stenosis
6:34 Mitral Stenosis Murmur Audio
7:03 Mitral Regurgitation
7:26 Mitral Regurgitation Murmur Audio
7:50 Pulmonary Stenosis
8:16 Pulmonary Stenosis Murmur Audio 
8:44 Pulmonary Regurgitation 
9:22 Pulmonary Regurgitation Murmur Audio 
9:28 Tricuspid Stenosis 
9:54 Tricuspid Stenosis Murmur Audio
10:10 Tricuspid Regurgitation 
10:23 Tricuspid Regurgitation Murmur Audio 

References:

1. Amboss (2023) Cardiovascular Examination. Available at https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/cardiovascular-examination/
2. Zhang, G & Cadogan, M - Life in the Fast Lane (2020) Aortic Regurgitation Eponymythology. Available at ****https://litfl.com/aortic-regurgitation-eponymythology/
3. Lome, S - Healio S2 Heart Sound Topic Review. Available at https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/s2-heart-sound
4. MSD Manuals Pro (2023) Available at Search results for: murmur - MSD Manual Professional Edition (msdmanuals.com)
5. Yartsev, A - Deranged Physiology (2018) Haemodynamic Changes During a Mechanical Breath. Available at https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/respiratory-system/Chapter 524/haemodynamic-changes-during-mechanical-breath#:~:text=During early expiration,preload increases%2C and afterload decreases
6. Geeky Medics Heart Murmurs. Available at https://geekymedics.com/heart-murmurs/
7. Ibrahim O, Sibbald M, Szczeklik W, Leśniak W. Heart Auscultation. McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine. Kraków: Medycyna Praktyczna. Available at https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.I.1.107

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Urinary Tract Infections (UTI), including complicated vs uncomplicated UTI, symptoms, diagnosis and UTI treatment. Also covers Urinary Tract Infection pathophysiology. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is a UTI?
1:00 Urinary Tract Infection Pathophysiology
2:57 UTI Causes & Risk Factors
5:07 UTI Symptoms
6:19 UTI Diagnosis
7:11 UTI Treatment

References:

1. MSD Manuals Pro (2023) Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections & Urinary Tract Infections Overview. Available at Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) - MSD Manual Professional Edition (msdmanuals.com)
2. Czajkowski, K (2021) Urinary tract infection in women. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8077804/
3. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Urinary tract infection (lower) - women, Pyelonephritis - acute, Urinary tract infection (lower) - men. Available at Urinary tract infection (lower) - men | Health topics A to Z | CKS | NICE Pyelonephritis - acute | Health topics A to Z | CKS | NICE Urinary tract infection (lower) - women | Health topics A to Z | CKS | NICE
4. British National Formulary (2023) Urinary Tract Infections. Available at https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summaries/urinary-tract-infections/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Sepsis explained, including the most common causes as well as sepsis pathophysiology. Also includes the SIRS criteria and SOFA scores, and the sepsis treatment through sepsis 6. 

Consider subscribing to the YouTube Channel (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Sepsis? 
1:19 Sepsis Pathophysiology
3:55 Sepsis Causes & Sepsis Risk Factors
5:21 Sepsis Symptoms
5:55 Sepsis Diagnosis – SIRS Criteria
6:28 Sepsis Diagnosis – SOFA Score
7:56 Sepsis Treatment (Sepsis 6) 

References:

1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Sepsis In Adults. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000098
2. Bullock, B (2023) Bacterial Sepsis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537054/
3. Stearns-Kurosawa, D.J (2017) The Pathogenesis of Sepsis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684427/
4. Greer, J.R (2015) Pathophysiology of cardiovascular dysfunction in sepsis. Available at https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/15/6/316/356327

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.