The presidential race for 2020 is already well underway and two of the biggest policies Democratic hopefuls are pushing include a $15 minimum wage and Medicare-for-All. Professor Jeannette Wicks-Lim lays out the costs and benefits of each and what these massive policy changes would mean for the country—and for inequality.

For more on this topic:

• Read Wicks-Lim's brief, Why Fast Food Employers Can Adjust to a $15 minimum wage without Shedding Jobs
• Check out her research reports on the $15 minimum wage and Medicare-for-All

Wildfires, flooding, and some of warmest years on record -- climate change has become an ever more imminent threat. But without action from DC, the states have become the frontline of climate change policy. Professor Leah Stokes unravels the history of clean energy laws in the states, how environmental advocates and industry groups have battled it out there, and how the Green New Deal fits into the fight.

For more on this topic:

• Check out Stoke's OpEd on the Green New Deal in The Washington Post
• Read her OpEds about climate change policy and public opinion in the LA Times, and The New York Times.

Inequality is rampant in America's schools and many of the proposed fixes end up falling far short of their goals. But ethnic studies courses have shown to be a potentially powerful solution. Professor Nolan Cabrera dives into the legal fight over these courses, how these programs can work in schools across the country, and what they can do for student achievement.

For more on this topic:

• Read Cabrera's brief, How Ethnic Studies Can Reduce Racial Achievement Gaps
• Check out his OpEd in the Chronicle of Higher Education, The Numbers Won't Speak for Themselves

This week, we're bringing you an episode of Democracy Works, a podcast that examines what it means to live in a democracy. This episode is a conversation with David Frum, a prolific author and former speechwriter for George W. Bush. David is a passionate defender of democracy and talks with Democracy Works host Jenna Spinelle about how everyone can become better democratic citizens. Democracy Works is produced by the McCourtney Institute for Democracy at Penn State and WPSU Penn State, central Pennsylvania's NPR station. New episodes are released every Monday at democracyworkspodcast.com or your favorite podcast app.

For More on This Topic:

• Check out David Frum's writing at The Atlantic
• Read his book, Trumpocracy: The Corruption of the American Republic

We like to think that state governments make decisions based on their particular situations. But it turns out, often that's not the case. In fact, three large conservative groups have gained massive influence in state houses across the country, working to pass legislation in line with their views and corporate sponsors. Professor Alexander Hertel-Fernandez explains their rise and strategies, why state governments are so susceptible to their influence, and what this all means for American democracy.

For More on This Topic:

• Check out Hertel-Fernandez's book, State Capture
• Read his SSN brief, Why U.S. Conservatives Shape Legislation across the Fifty States Much More Effectively than Liberals
• Find his opinion piece in The New York Times with Leah Stokes and Matto Mildenberger

Flint, Michigan has been in crisis since 2014, plagued with unsafe drinking water and a local government in debt. Thankfully nonprofits came to the rescue, donating millions of dollars and hundreds of hours to help in the long process of bringing clean water back. Professor Davia Cox Downey tells the story of two Michigan cities in crisis, how each benefited from the help of nonprofits, and what still needs to be done to restore trust in the local government.

For more on this topic:

• Read Downey's brief, How Foundations and Nonprofits Can Respond to Urban Crises and Bolster Governments in Decline
• Check out her OpEd with Sarah Reckhow and Joshua Sapotichne in The Washington Post

The death penalty has a long and controversial history in the US. And 30 states still have it on the books. But in 2018, the Washington State Supreme Court decided to ban this punishment after seeing evidence of deep racial inequalities. Doctors Katherine Beckett and Heather Evans lay out what their research says about the death penalty in Washington, how they got involved in this case, and what it was like defending their work with life and death on the line.

For More on This Topic:

• Read Beckett's feature in the Seattle Times, Meet the UW Professor who just killed the death penalty.
• Check out Beckett and Evans' paper, Race, Death, and Justice: Capital Sentencing in Washington State, 1891-2014

The future of affirmative action is unclear. Harvard has been taken to court for its admissions policies and the case is likely to be the first affirmative action case in front of the new Supreme Court judges. In this archive episode, Professor Natasha Warikoo discusses investigations into school admissions and how focusing on diversity ignores the real reasons for affirmative action.

For More on This Topic:

• Read her brief, How the Ways College Authorities Talk about Diversity Can Undercut Efforts to Fight Racial Inequality
• Check out her two OpEds for the PBS Newshour on the Harvard court case
• Find her piece in The New York Times, How Elite Schools Stay So White

In a democracy, government is supposed to represent the people. But Congress doesn't exactly look like your average American. In fact, lawyers make up a huge number of our federal representatives, but only a small percentage of the American population. Professor Adam Bonica unravels why we have so many lawyers in office, what fundraising has to do with it, and what it all means for how our government functions.

For more on this topic:

• Read this Vox piece on Bonica's research, There are too many lawyers in politics. Here's what to do about it.
• Check out his academic articles, Professional Networks, Early Fundraising, and Electoral Success and Why Are There So Many Lawyers in Congress?

Every February students across the country learn about Black History Month, including the civil rights movement. But educating children on the civil rights movement takes on a special role when you're located in Birmingham, Alabama. Professor Tondra Loder-Jackson dives into the history of civil rights activism in Birmingham's schools and what teachers today should know as they tackle this important topic in their classrooms.

For more on this topic:

• Read Loder-Jackson's SSN brief, How Alabama Can Earn a Straight "A" in Civil Rights Education
• Check out her book, Schoolhouse Activists: African American Educators and the Long Birmingham Civil Rights Movement