SEA: Space Exploration & Astronomy

Not every star in the universe can be seen shining brightly in the night sky. There are dozens of types of fascinating hypothetical stars, which are characterised by their extreme behaviour. Today, we will be taking a look at a few of these corrupted stars, from the start of the universe right up until the end.

MUSIC TRACKS:

- Passing a Foreign Moon - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)

- The Shadow Self - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)

- The Bardo - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)

- To Have To In Least Water - pATCHES (YouTube Audio Library)

- Surviving the Asteroid Belt - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)

- Wander - Emmit Fenn (YouTube Audio Library)

- Because for Everything There Is Someone - pATCHES (YouTube Audio Library)

- Adrift - ELPHNT (YouTube Audio Library)

- Verve - Benjamin Martins (YouTube Audio Library)

- Hollows - Houses of Heavens (YouTube Audio Library)

- Meeting Again - Emily A Sprague (YouTube Audio Library)

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Introduction

01:29: Population III Stars

04:50: Quasi Stars

07:42: Thorne-Zytkow Objects

10:37: Q-Stars and Exotic Matter

14:02: Quark Stars

15:51: Electroweak Stars

17:39: Strange Matter and Strange Stars

20:13: White Dwarfs

21:54: Frozen Stars

22:37: Black Dwarfs

23:18: Iron Stars

Not every galaxy is a fully formed spiral or elliptical galaxy. Some are much smaller, and orbit larger galaxies as well as each other, like ghosts. Today, we will examine these ghost galaxies- the satellites of the Milky Way and Andromeda.

SOUNDTRACK:

- The Sun is Scheduled to Come Out Tomorrow - Chris Zabriskie

- Cylinder Four - Chris Zabriskie

- I Can't Imagine Where I'd Be Without It - Chris Zabriskie

- Cylinder Two - Chris Zabriskie

All tracks by Chris Zabriskie licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

00:00: Antlia 2: A Ghost Galaxy

02:16: Dwarf Galaxies 

06:14: Types of Dwarf Galaxy

08:00: Case Studies 

09:14: Magellanic Clouds 

12:35: The Triangulum Galaxy

Supervoids are the enormous, empty spaces between galaxy clusters and galaxy filaments. But just because they are empty, doesn't mean they can't be filled with fascinating science! They have taught us a great deal about both galaxy structures in the early universe, and how they grow in the present. And today we'll be venturing into a few of the biggest!

MUSIC:

- Long Walks [Emily A Sprague] - YouTube Audio Library

- Fairy Meeting [Emily A Sprague] - YouTube Audio Library

- A Slow Dream [Emily A Sprague] - YouTube Audio Library

- Devoid [ELPHNT] - YouTube Audio Library

- Rain Cloud Music [Emily A Sprague] - YouTube Audio Library

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Emptiness in Space

02:04: Defining a Void

03:52: Mapping Voids Around Us

04:38: How Voids Form

07:05: The Bootes Void

09:16: Voids and Dark Energy

10:33: The Cold Spot

12:10: The KBC Void

Quasars are the brightest phenomenon in the entire universe, able to outshine any type of star, and even entire galaxies containing hundreds of billions of them. They are the product of monster black holes at the centres of large galaxies, and so when we find multi-billion light year clusters of quasars dotted around the early universe, we are forced to reconsider some of our most fundamental assumptions of cosmology.

BACKGROUND MUSIC:

- Cylinder One - Chris Zabriskie

- Descent - The Tower of Light (YT Audio Library)

- Dreaming Blue - Sextile (YT Audio Library)

- Turn - The Tower of Light (YT Audio Library)

- There Are Many Different Kinds of Love - Chris Zabriskie

- Retro Dreamscape - Twin Musicom (YT Audio Library)

- Flecks of Light - The Tower of Light (YT Audio Library)

- Clouded - Public Memory (YT Audio Library)

- Trickling Up - Godmode (YT Audio Library)

Songs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under Creative Commons 4.0 Licence:

- Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

- Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/

00:00: Introduction

02:00: What is a Quasar?

09:46: The Peak Quasar Epoch

11:50: The Search for Quasars

20:39: Large Quasar Groups

22:15: Cosmic Structures & the Cosmological Principle

24:35: The Largest LQGs

27:34: Seeing Patterns In Noise

Stars come in a wide range of sizes, but how do we calculate a star's size to determine which is the largest? In this episode, we will find out how stars are measured to determine their mind-boggling sizes, and above all, which of them are the biggest of all.

PLEASE NOTE: This one is an older video of mine, back in 2021 when it was thought that the largest known star was Stephenson 2-18. It has since been reassessed as most likely not a member of the Stephenson-2 Cluster, and thus not amongst the candidates for the largest star. I plan to remake this video some time in 2026.

SOUNDTRACK:

Two songs in this video were made by Chris Zabriskie. (http://chriszabriskie.com/)

- Abandon Babylon (Album from which the songs came: https://chriszabriskie.bandcamp.com/album/abandon-babylon)Dark Fog & Ice Demon by Kevin MacLeod are both licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence.

Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 , http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200061

Artist: http://incompetech.com/

All other music provided by the YouTube Audio Library
CHAPTERS:

00:00: Introduction

01:04: What Are Stars?

05:40: How Stars Get Big

09:38: Problems with Direct Measurements

11:31: Parallax

13:01: Indirectly Measuring Stars

15:33: VY Canis Majoris

18:30: UY Scuti

22:59: Stephenson 2-18

No matter where you are, you are always moving. The Earth orbits the sun, while the sun moves round the galaxy. But what makes the galaxy move? That is the topic of our video today. Everything in our local galaxy supercluster, Laniakea, is being dragged towards a high concentration of mass obscured by the opaque clouds of our galaxy, but what is it? It has all the ingredients for an epic cosmic mystery, the mystery of the Great Attractor.

Background Songs by CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA

Transcending Ambient Chill Out Music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAp5ecwlU7MThe Deep: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9TJrLeqnhw

All other tracks are from the YouTube Audio Library

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Introduction

02:13: Galaxies

04:04: Our Local Universe

06:56: The Laniakea Supercluster

09:00: The Great Attractor

10:03: The Zone of Avoidance

11:45: History of Great Attractor Observations

13:56: Surveying the Great Attractor Region

18:39: Dark Flow

20:27: The Dipole Repeller

22:16: CIZA Search

23:37: The Shapley Supercluster

26:03: The Vela Supercluster

27:30: A Mystery Solved?

How large is the universe? Where does it begin and end? How does it expand? These are some of the biggest questions of astronomy- and while humanity is so small that we may never be able to fully understand the universe's true scale, advancements in technology are helping us to look ever-deeper into space, towards the edge of our observable universe known as the Cosmic Horizon. Today, we will get to know our universe, its laws, and its awe-inspiring scale above all.

SOUNDTRACK:

Special thanks to Lombus, who allowed me to use his song Doppler Shores in the title screen:

https://lombus.bandcamp.com/track/doppler-shores

Songs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

- The Theatrical Poster...: http://chriszabriskie.com/vendaface/

- Unfoldment, Revealment... http://chriszabriskie.com/reappear/

- Cylinder Five: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/

- Take Off and Shoot a Zero: http://chriszabriskie.com/stuntisland/

- Oxygen Garden: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/

Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Other songs are from the YouTube Audio Library

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Introduction

(02:23) Defining the Universe

(06:51) The Big Bang

(09:12) The Observable Universe

(10:53) The Hubble Telescope

(11:46) The Hubble Deep Field

(16:49) Cosmic Expansion

(19:40) Redshift

(21:48) The Cosmic Horizon and the Unobservable Universe

(25:36) Accelerating Expansion

(28:29) Dark Energy

(30:14) The End of the Universe

What we perceive to be the edge of our universe is not the actual edge of the universe, with most scientists in agreement that more space lies hidden beyond what we're able to see. Last time out, we travelled to the very edge of our observable universe. But today, we will be going even farther, as we wade out into the darkness of the unobservable universe.

Soundtrack by CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823

- Taboo-Inspired Intro Track: https://youtu.be/YA3yfPh38mc

- Strange Days Ahead: https://youtu.be/QaGsRzO-2EA

- The Last Breath: https://youtu.be/AekcHz0ZdjU

- The Monolith: https://youtu.be/XK_iQLGpId0

- ESP Background Track: https://youtu.be/rT2ONCrdtVU

- Encounter: https://youtu.be/vxdlSXZvxL0

- Direct Space: https://youtu.be/G7-3crlxDDE

- Do You Understand: https://youtu.be/BXmPuHqXUzc

- Phonon: https://youtu.be/2Mgk6jem7Zg

- Dark Enigma 13: https://youtu.be/mGFxASTdnhc

- Book of the Dead: https://youtu.be/6X3RYrOy1RE

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Welcome Back

(01:50) Beyond the Cosmic Horizon

(05:42) The Shape of the Universe

(07:45) Universal Curvature

(12:35) Critically Dense Flat Universe

(15:18) Drawing Triangles on the CMB

(18:52) The Flatness Problem

(22:19) Multiply Connected Universe

(27:19) 4D Hyper Torus

(29:17) Curved on a Large Scale?

(31:50) Cosmic Inflation

(37:09) Closing Statements

Ever wonder what it would be like to fly all the way to the edge of space? Well in this video, we'll be doing just that. Using beautiful images snapped by the Hubble and James Webb telescopes, we will embark on a tour of our universe- venturing deep into the darkness, and uncovering the most jaw-dropping landmarks along the way. This is our journey to the edge of the universe.

SOUNDTRACK [In order of appearance]:

- MindHunter (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/72JbdVDg3q0

- 11:11 at Smith - Ninth Street (Chris Zabriskie)

- Catafalque (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/Bf_24aUbaQ4

- Satanic (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/E_gQrAMVK8U

- Dark Enigma 11 (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/VVbH2gU8TvA

- It Will Make You Feel Better (Chris Zabriskie)

- Dark Enigma 9 (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/rkZg2FCRcjg

- I Refuse to Accept There's Nothing I Can Do About it (Chris Zabriskie):

- Lower Third Hall (Chris Zabriskie)

- Omen (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/C_ejkBhmmJE

Tracks by CO.AG Music and Chris Zabriskie. Songs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under a Creative Commons Re-use Licence. Check out his new album, which was featured in this video: https://chriszabriskie.bandcamp.com

Check out CO.AG's channel, where he uploads loads of cool ambient tracks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA

FOOTAGE:

The space scenes in this video were captured using SpaceEngine Pro, a virtual universe simulator:

http://spaceengine.org/

Images of space and scientific visualisations are public domain content, and can be downloaded from NASA's GSFC Visualisation Studio: https://www.nasa.gov/goddard

Other visualisations and images of space provided by the European Southern Observatory [ESO]: https://www.eso.org/public/

Graphic of the Virgo Supercluster by Ethylice4: https://www.deviantart.com/ethylice4

Stock footage sequences provided by Vecteezy.com . Pro License Holder: https://www.vecteezy.com/members/sea-media-stock

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Welcome

(01:32) What is the Observable Universe?

(05:15) The Local Volume

(10:20) Laniakea Supercluster

(14:24) Sloan Great Wall

(16:30) Active Galactic Nuclei

(19:53) Quasars

(23:00) Quasar Groups in the Deep Universe

(25:55) Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall

(28:14) Cosmic High Noon

(31:44) Re-ionization

(33:35) Farthest Galaxies

(36:35) The Dark Age

(39:19) The Edge of the Universe

In 1998, two teams of scientists measured the universe's rate of expansion, expecting to find it slowing down on route to a collapse. But instead, they found the opposite- the universe's expansion appears to be accelerating, having expanded more in the latter half of its life. In attempting to explain this mysterious behaviour, they revived one Einstein's long-since-forgotten ideas.

Thank you to SpaceWave - Cosmic Relaxation for yet another amazing soundtrack! If you liked this video's music, check it out below:

Dark Energy Soundtrack:

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj3460Ylt4JEcEiW6PxCH9Q

SpaceWave's Channel: https://youtu.be/XntDsSR38qU

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Introduction

(02:27) Accelerating Expansion

(05:09) Einstein's Greatest Blunder

(08:26) How Space Expands

(12:11) Redshift & Standard Candles

(17:03) Type 1a Supernova Searching

(19:25) Λ-CDM

(22:08) Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations

(26:27) Future Missions to Study Dark Energy

(28:46) Vacuum Fluctuations

(32:29) Quintessence

(34:43) Phantom Energy

(37:17) The Big Rip