Newspeak, Big Brother, the Thought Police, Room 101, doublethink, sex crime, the Ministry of Truth. Few books have generated quite as many outlandish yet unforgettable concepts as George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. So much so that Orwell’s name is now an adjective - Orwellian - which, according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary means ‘relating to or suggestive of the dystopian reality depicted in the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. 

Published in 1949, Nineteen Eighty-Four is a nightmare from start to finish. It follows the demise of Winston Smith - a desk-worker in a totalitarian regime called Airstrip One - as he navigates his way through daily life in a version of London ravaged by nuclear war, makes the great error of falling in love and is finally tortured and brainwashed into a state of pathetic subservience and adoration of the fictional leader of Airstrip One: Big Brother. 

Part of the enduring impact of Nineteen Eighty-Four is the way Orwell successfully, but regretfully, identified emerging trends in our culture. And although Britain did not become Airstrip One - other countries in the world did, including North Korea and Turkmenistan, arguably did. Reading Orwell’s novel is still one of the best ways of understanding life in such regimes. 

In this episode, Sophie and Jonty discuss the way that Nineteen Eighty-Four both compels and repels us as readers and chart the long road to the book’s creation at the end of another long road - the track leading to Barnhill house in the Scottish island of Jura, where Orwell spent much of his last years. 

For anyone concerned this might be too heavy as an episode, we lean into the unacknowledged strain of comedy that runs through the book, as well as the hope implicit in the so-called Appendix Theory (the idea that the book is narrated by somebody after the fall of the regime). 

Anyone interested in numerology will note that this is episode 49 of Secret Life of Books and that 1949 was the year Nineteen Eighty-Four was published. We did not plan this, but just as fate draws Winston Smith to O’Brien and Room 101, so we are drawn into Orwell’s dystopian vision… 

Books referenced, quoted, or mentioned: 

Orwell: The New Life (2023) by DJ Taylor 

WIFEDOM (2023) by Anna Funder 

The Ministry of Truth: A Biography of George Orwell’s 1984 (2021) by Dorian Lynskey

Essays by George Orwell

Gulliver’s Travels (1726) by Jonathan Swift

The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) by Margaret Atwood

The Sleeper Awakes (1899) by HG Wells

The Iron Heel (1908) by Jack London 

We (1921) by Yevgeny Zamyatin

Anthem (1938) by Ayn Rand

Lolita (1955) by Vladimir Nabokov

Lord of the Rings (1955) by JRR Tolkien

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George Orwell is one of the most famous names in classic literature, thanks to his novels Animal Farm and 1984, both dystopian fables of worlds gone mad, ruled over by autocratic pigs and authoritarian governments who monitor their citizens– or barnyard companions – every move.

And yet for all his commitment to political and social justice, or at least the calling out of injustice and repression, Orwell’s private relationships were troubled and difficult, particularly his relationship with his wife Eileen O’Shaughnessy.

In 2023, the internationally celebrated historian and novelist Anna Funder published Wifedom to instant acclaim. It’s a beautifully crafted biography of Eileen, re-assessment of Orwell, and polemical memoir of Anna’s own life as a writer, mother and wife. The book has had a huge impact on wives and women all over the world and has changed the way we think about Orwell.

Anna’s home turf as a writer is the challenge of staying human under repressive regimes. She is the author of the brilliant Stasiland a documentary history of life in East Germany under the Stasi secret police in the aftermath of world war 2, and All That I Am, an historical novel about Nazi Germany and Hitler’s atrocities. Anna joins Sophie and Jonty in the studio to talk about Eileen, Eric Blair, early 20thC British history, and the experience of publishing Wifedom.

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Animal Farm is George Orwell’s micro masterpiece, an animal fable that offers a devastating critique of Stalinist Russia and the rise of totalitarianism. Orwell described it to a friend as a “little squib,” but it’s much more than that: a tiny atom bomb that lands a structurally perfect hit on mid-20th century political authoritarianism and communism’s failure to protect the people it purported to serve.

Written over the winter 1943/1944, Animal Farm is the closest Orwell came to a piece of collaborative writing, as Orwell and Eileen revised the book together, huddled in bed to stay warm in chronically cold houses.

Animal Farm was rejected by 4 publishers (including TS Eliot at Faber & Faber) before it was snapped up by Secker and Warburg and published in 1945 and became an instant hit, hugely popular ever since. 

As Sophie and Jonty tell the history of the novella, they also retrace the early years of Orwell’s marriage to Eileen O’Shaugnessey when they lived together on a smallholding farm in Wallingford Hertfordhsire, complete with a  farm-shop; Orwell’s flirtation with violent revolution during the years of the Second World War; and, less dramatically, his time as a producer at the BBC. 

Sophie and Jonty also sing Beasts of England in its entirety (to the tune of Darling Clementine), discuss how to make the perfect cup of tea, and Jonty’s bad experiences at a prestigious London restaurant, and why - in many ways - Animal Farm really is just about the animals. 

Books referenced, quoted, or mentioned: 

Orwell: The New Life (2023) by DJ Taylor 

WIFEDOM (2023) by Anna Funder 

Orwell’s Roses (2021) by Rebecca Solnit

Darkness at Noon (1940) by Arthur Koestler

Essays by George Orwell

Gulliver’s Travels (1726) by Jonathan Swift

The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer 

Leviathan (1651) by Thomas Hobbes

The Social Contract (1762) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The Communist Manifesto (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

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Together, Siegfried Sassoon’s The Old Huntsman (1917) and Counter-Attack and Other Poems (1918) are among the greatest examples of protest art in British history. Sassoon was a decorated war hero, who took a stand - when few others dared - on the moral emptiness, institutional corruption and brutality of the First World War. 

Alongside his poetry, Sassoon took the shocking measure of writing an open letter, which was read out in parliament, in which he accused the British government and military of deception, of deliberately prolonging an ‘evil and unjust’ war, and the complacency of the British public for not holding the government to account.

As a consequence, he faced a court-martial and certain imprisonment, but his friend - the fellow poet Robert Graves - intervened and persuaded the authorities that Sassoon was mentally ill. Instead, Sassoon was sent to Craiglockhart Hospital, under the care of pioneering psychoanalyst WHR Rivers, where he wrote many of his finest poems, before returning to the frontline for the final months of the war.  

In this episode, Sophie and Jonty are joined by historian and Sassoon biography Max Egremont, who explains the extraordinary circumstances that led to Sassoon - an officer so brave that his men nicknamed him Mad Jack - turning against the war and embracing the tiny, fringe movement that was pacifism in the 1910s. We’ll find out about his friendships with fellow poet Wilfred Owen and psychologist WHR Rivers at Craiglockhart Military Hospital, which inspired Pat Barker’s best-selling Regeneration trilogy. Finally, the question is asked - can poetry ever change the world?

Siegfried Sassoon: A Biography (2005) by Max Egremont.

Regeneration Trilogy by Pat Barker (1991-1995)

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War is boring; revolution is boring; politics is boring. That’s the message of George Orwell’s Homage to Catalonia. But, somehow, Homage to Catalonia itself is NOT boring. Published in 1938, it charts Orwell’s experience on, behind and beyond the front line of the fight against Fascism in the Spanish Civil War. 

Through the course of his narrative, written in the weeks immediately following his return to England, adrenalin still pumping in his veins, Orwell takes us through the complexity of internecine factionalism in Republican Barcelona, derring-do raids on General Franco’s trenches, his own experience of being shot in the throat by a fascist sniper, and the narrow escape by himself and his wife Eileen when they became political targets of the Soviet Union with a warrant out for their arrest. 

Homage to Catalonia was a massive flop - think Betamax video, New Coke, or Michael Jackson’s Invincible album - selling less than a thousand copies, but it has become recognised as a masterpiece of reportage. Most importantly, it contains the political awakening and many of the ideas leading directly to Animal Farm and 1984. In these pages, we see Orwell’s horror of totalitarianism, his fear of rats, the betrayal of workers by their supposedly revolutionary leaders, of newspaper censorship rewriting the past with alternative facts. And, in anarchist Barcelona, we even see a glimpse of Airstrip One - a crumbling post-revolutionary city with blue-overall wearing citizens, gradually succumbing to Stalinist mind-control. 

This is the second episode in our four-part series on George Orwell. The first, following Orwell’s early life was about the impact of the First World War, the moral abyss of the British Empire and the Great Depression on his first book Down and Out in Paris and London. In this, Sophie and Jonty look at the rise of fascism in Europe through Orwell’s front row seat of the Spanish Civil War, taking us up to brink of the Second World War. 

Content warning: mild bad language 

Books referenced, quoted, or mentioned: 

Orwell: The New Life (2023) by DJ Taylor 

WIFEDOM (2023) by Anna Funder 

Essays by George Orwell

The Road to Wigan Pier (1937) by George Orwell

Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) by George Orwell 

People of the Abyss (1904) by Jack London 

Tropic of Cancer (1934) by Henry Miller 

Memoirs of an Infantry Officer (1930) by Siegfried Sassoon

For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) by Ernest Hemingway

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Elizabeth Bishop is one of those poets who’s often referred to as a writer’s writer, but this doesn’t mean her poems are hard to read. On the contrary: as one of the most loved and admired twentieth-century poets, Bishop has the rare ability to do high-low. She’s enjoyable and accessible and also intensely artful and complex, not to mention very funny. In this special episode, Sophie and Jonty chat to American writer and critic Rachel Cohen about her decades-long admiration for Bishop and deep appreciation for her art.

Bishop was born in New England and spent a significant amount of her childhood in Nova Scotia, Canada. Her writing is infused with the austerity and beauty of Northeast America. But Bishop has another side too, a flamboyance and lushness of texture that came from living in Key West Florida and Brazil. She struggled with alcoholism and depression and had intense lifelong friendships with several of the most important writers of her generation, including the great poets Robert Lowell and Marianne Moore.

We talk about the paradoxes and contradictions of Bishop and her last published collection, Geography III, with the brilliant Rachel Cohen, whose books, essays and occasional observations are, like Bishop’s poems, beautiful, meticulous, and expansive all at once. Rachel has written about Bishop in her fabulous book A Chance Meeting.

Further Reading:

Elizabeth Bishop, Geography III

Rachel Cohen, A Chance Meeting

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In the winter of 1927, George Orwell dropped his aitches, pulled on his distressed tailored trousers, and took the first of many trips to the underbelly of London society. Over the following years, he spent long stints amongst the homeless and starving people of both Paris and London. He collected these experiences into his first book Down and Out in Paris and London (1933), conveniently leaving out the weekends and kitchen sups with mater and pater.

Orwell’s intention was partly to draw attention to the appalling social inequality of France and England after the First World War, but also simply to allow his imagination to wallow in scenes of surreal vividness and black humour. 

In this - the first in a four-part series about Orwell’s life, work and times - Sophie and Jonty look at the circumstances that lead to his first, and still one of his best-loved, books. They focus on two of his most famous essays that provide unique insights into his early years. 

In Such, Such Were the Joys, Orwell wrote about his experience of English boarding school, where he developed an ineradicable sense of himself as intrinsically doomed and disgusting, of a world where bullies will always triumph and where the underdog can never win. In Shooting an Elephant, Orwell recounts his years working for the Indian Police in the 1920s and his realisation that the British Empire was a corrupt, murderous regime. 

Finally, Sophie and Jonty follow Orwell into the mean streets of Paris’ 5th arrondissement and London’s Whitechapel, the scenes of brutality that follow and a truly bizarre encounter with another Old Etonian in a slum lodging-house. 

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Content warning: mild bad language 

Books mentioned: 

Orwell: The New Life (2023) by DJ Taylor 

WIFEDOM (2023) by Anna Funder 

Essays by George Orwell

The Road to Wigan Pier (1937) by George Orwell

Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) by George Orwell 

David Copperfield (1850) by Charles Dickens 

New Grub Street (1891) by George Gissing 

Nadja by (1928) Andre Breton 

Paris Peasant by (1926) Louis Aragon 

Tom Jones (1749) - as ever - by Henry Fielding 

Gulliver’s Travels (1726) - as ever - by Jonathan Swift 

Tales of Mean Streets (1894) by Arthur Morrison 

People of the Abyss (1904) by Jack London 

Tropic of Cancer (1934) by Henry Miller 

Kitchen Confidential (2000) by Anthony Bourdain 

The Tramp Ward (1904) by Mary Higgs 

Autobiography of a Super-Tramp (1908) by WH Davies 

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Legendary bestseller Jodi Picoult is also a graduate of the Princeton English Department, and this week she came back to teach class! Sophie recorded a live episode at the Princeton Public Library in front of a packed house of Jodi fans who were delighted to hear why she believes that when it comes to Shakespeare's best plays, a women was holding the quill!

Jodi's newest novel "By Any Other Name," tells an intense, gripping story about a real-life woman who might just have written many of Shakespeare's most famous works, including Hamlet, Merchant of Venice and Romeo and Juliet, leaving the Bard himself to run his theatre, make money, and have extra-marital affairs.

Emilia Bassano, Jodi's heroine, is a brilliant but under-appreciated writer in the precarious world of the Renaissance court. In real life, Emilia Bassano was a self-made author, lover, mother, and an all-round Elizabethan bad-ass. She published the first collection of poems by a woman in England, and in this live conversation we get a fascinating glimpse of an extraordinary women in an extraordinary time. Jodi takes us through the evidence of of Emilia's "fingerprints" in Shakespeare's plays, and she explains her own original discovery of a sizzling connection between Emilia and the hottest man at court, the Earl of Southampton!

"Bardolatry" was a term George Bernard Shaw came up with to describe people who love Shakespeare too much, and Jodi is leading a new vanguard of Bardoloclasts — skeptics who are breaking the myth of Shakespeare to reveal hidden histories behind the legend.

Special thanks to Janie Hermann, Becky Bowers and the Princeton Public Library for their support.

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Producer: Boyd Britton

Digital Content Coordinator: Olivia di Costanzo

Designer: Peita Jackson

Our thanks to the University of Sydney Business School.

Content warning: moderate swearing and sexual content

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By many reckonings, this is the most famous novel in English. It’s also the book Jane Austen described as her own “Darling Child.” As we head to the milestone of Jane’s 250th Birthday in December (get ready for the minced chicken and negus party) Sophie and Jonty dig into one of the most joyful, funny, sexy stories ever told.

In this episode we ask why this small novel of village life exploded into a global cultural icon, inspiring retelling upon retelling, and catapulting Mr. Darcy and Lizzie Bennet’s romance into a modern myth.

You’ll hear about some lesser-known experiences from Jane Austen’s life that informed the writing, and why it took her so long (aspiring writers, take heart). Sophie tries to shoehorn four historical secrets at the start of the episode, but Jonty only lets her share two of them on air. And he dings her for being too interested in legal history.

Instead, the duo argue about why mismatched attraction, or mistaking steamy passion for implacable dislike, is such an evergreen literary trope, and how much Elizabeth’s love of Darcy depends on seeing his enormous house.

Both hosts give favorite jokes another outing – listeners can decide if repetition make them more funny. Not as funny as Austen, that’s for sure. Tune in for a tune-up about the original Meet the Parents, a tale of colliding families, ghastly mothers in law, and male bonding activities.

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Books Mentioned or Used as Sources:

Rachel Cohen, Austen Years: A Memoir in Five Novels, 2020.

Claudia L. Johnson and Clara Tuite, 30 Great Myths About Jane Austen, 2020.

Sandra MacPherson, “Rent to Own, or, What’s Entailed in Pride and Prejudice,” Representations, 2003.

Claire Tomalin, Jane Austen: A Life, 1999.

Fay Weldon, Letters to Alice: On First Reading Jane Austen, 1985.

Producer: Boyd Britton

Digital Content Coordinator: Olivia di Costanzo

Designer: Peita Jackson

Our thanks to the University of Sydney Business School.

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In Part 2 of David Copperfield, we pick up David where we left him, sobbing at the door of Betsey Trotwood’s house in Dover. From this low, David’s life changes - he is no longer a victim, but embarks on a (very long) journey towards self-reliance, re-encountering old friends like Micawbers and Steerforth, but also new characters like Uriah Heep and the simpering Dora. 

To make sense of this long, rambling journey of redemption, Sophie and Jonty reveal the influence of the emerging self-help movement on Dickens’ world-view and how his side-hustle as the director of a Home for Homeless Women inspired him to send many of the characters in David Copperfield off to Australia at the end of the book - and the inevitable happy ending this suggests. 

BOOKS MENTIONED OR USED AS SOURCES: 

Charles Dickens: A Life (2011) by Claire Tomalin 

Self-Reliance (1841) by Ralph Waldo Emerson 

Self-Help (1859) by Samuel Smiles 

1848: The Revolution of the Intellectuals (1944) by Lewis Namier 

Demon Copperhead (2022) by Barbara Kingsolver

Rivals (1988) by Jilly Cooper

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