Hamilton vs Madison and Jefferson. The first great economic debate under the Constitution was about tariffs, and it actually started under the Articles of Confederation. But the debate wasn’t about protectionism vs free trade. It was dueling forms of government intervention.

Path to Liberty: August 27, 2025

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Constitution – Full Text

James Madison – Import and Tonnage Duties (8 Apr 1789)

Journals of the Continental Congress (18 June 1783)

Articles of Confederation

Journals of the Continental Congress (15 Feb 1786)

“Impost Begat Convention” – Albany and New York Confront the Ratification of the Constitution

Phillip W. Magness – The Problem of the Tariff in American Economic History, 1787–1934

James Madison – Import and Tonnage Duties (9 Apr 1789)

James Madison – Letter to Edmund Pendleton (19 Apr 1789)

Thomas Tudor Tucker (SC) – Duties on Imports (21 Apr 1789)

John Lawrence (NY) – Duties on Imports (21 Apr 1789)

Madison at the First Session of the First Federal Congress 1789

Tariff Act of 1789 (4 July 1789)

Alexander Hamilton – Report Relative to a Provision for the Support of Public Credit (9 Jan 1790)

Tariff Act of 1790 (10 Aug 1790)

Alexander Hamilton – Report on the Subject of Manufactures (5 Dec 1791)

Tariff Act of 1792 (2 May 1792)

Thomas Jefferson – Final State of the Report on Commerce (16 Dec 1793)

Report on Commerce (Editorial Note)

Alexander Hamilton – Letter to George Washington (14 Apr 1794)

John Jay’s Treaty, 1794–95

Episode – Legislating from the Bench is Bad – But THIS is Even Worse

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The post TARIFFS: First Debate was Power, Not Trade appeared first on Tenth Amendment Center.