Like addition and multiplication on Church-encoded numbers, exponentiation can be assigned a type in simply typed lambda calculus (STLC).  But surprisingly, the type is non-uniform.  If we abbreviate (A -> A) -> A -> A as Nat_A, then exponentiation, which is defined as \ x . \ y . y x, can be assigned type Nat_A -> Nat_(A -> A) -> Nat_A.  The second argument needs to have type at strictly higher order than the first argument.  This has the fascinating consequence that we cannot define self-exponentiation, \ x . exp x x.  That term would reduce to \ x . x x, which is provably not typable in STLC.