Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in women, yet most women don't realize that menopause itself is now recognized as a cardiovascular risk factor. In this episode, Dr. Daiana Castleman returns to The Hole Shebang to break down what's really happening to women's hearts during midlife—and the sex-specific risk factors that standard screening tools completely miss.
What You'll Learn:
Dr. Daiana Castleman explains why the menopause transition is such a critical window for cardiovascular health. During perimenopause and menopause, women commonly experience increased cholesterol levels, changes in blood pressure, insulin resistance, and worsening cardiometabolic health—changes driven by hormonal shifts that don't happen in men's bodies the same way.
We discuss traditional cardiovascular risk factors that affect both men and women (smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, physical inactivity, poor diet, obesity, diabetes, and psychosocial stress). These traditional factors account for 80-90% of cardiovascular disease risk. But here's what's crucial: three of these factors—smoking, diabetes, and psychosocial stress—have significantly heightened impact in women. Women who smoke are twice as likely to experience a heart attack compared to men who smoke.
Then we dive into sex-specific risk factors that most doctors never ask about:
Pregnancy complications carry significant cardiovascular risk: preeclampsia increases heart failure risk 4-fold and cardiovascular disease risk 2-fold; gestational diabetes increases cardiovascular event risk by 1.5-2x; preterm birth before 37 weeks carries 1.4-2.5-fold higher risk; stillbirth increases risk 1.5-2.2-fold; and placental abruption carries 1.8-fold higher cardiovascular disease risk.
Lipoprotein(a) is a genetic marker that affects about 1 in 5 people (20% of the population) and is 6x more atherogenic than LDL cholesterol. It's more than 90% genetically determined and can increase during menopause while remaining stable in men. Everyone over 40 should have it tested at least once, yet most women have never heard of it.
We also discuss premature or early menopause, PCOS, and autoimmune conditions like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis as additional sex-specific risk factors.
Daiana explains why the Framingham Risk Assessment—while valuable—has serious limitations for midlife women. It only calculates 10-year risk and doesn't account for any sex-specific factors, meaning many women receive "low risk" scores that don't reflect their actual cardiovascular risk profile.
The empowering news? 80-90% of cardiovascular disease is preventable when you know your risk factors and advocate for yourself.
Theme Song: Put a Little Love in Your Heart by Annie Lennox and Al Green
The Decads Ahead Summit (Apr 25, 2026):
Information about The Decades Ahead Summit (Oakville) covering heart health, osteoporosis, hormone therapy, sleep, and nutrition for long-term health.
Register Here: Decades Ahead Summit Registration Link
Connect with Dr. Daiana Castleman:
Website: Dr. Daiana Castleman Instagram: @dr.dianacastleman
More from The Hole Shebang:
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