Most people think of zoning as a tool to protect residents from the toxic byproducts of industry and other dangerous nuisances. And, indeed, so-called “modern zoning” was imported here from Europe around the turn of the 20th century largely to do just that in response to the Industrial Revolution. American zoning is mostly modeled on the German idea of separation of use.
Single-family zoning, however, is something distinct; Germany has nothing like it. Nor does the rest of Europe. That’s because it’s a unique product of American racism. More specifically, it’s a product of Bay Area racism.
The concept of single-family zoning was born in Berkeley in 1916 — and its intentions were segregationist. The idea was conceived largely as a tool for white homeowners to eject Asian laundries from an otherwise segregated neighborhood, and to stop a “negro dance hall” from setting up shop on “a prominent corner.”
You may ask: What do single-family homes have to do with any of this? Why would planners not just ban Black dance halls or Asian laundries outright if their intent was outwardly discriminatory?
Well, planners across the Bay Area, especially in San Francisco, had been trying to do just that for decades. Courts wouldn’t let them.
See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.