Greg Marchildon speaks with Daniel Macfarlane about his book, The Lives of Lake Ontario: An Environmental History.

The Lives of Lake Ontario by Daniel Macfarlane explores the deep and complex relationship between Lake Ontario and the peoples and nations along its shores. For centuries, the lake has shaped the development of surrounding societies, supporting agriculture, energy production, and urban growth. Macfarlane traces how Indigenous nations, settlers, and modern Canadian and American societies have interacted with the lake, often exploiting it through dams, canals, industrial activity, pollution, and overuse of resources. This transboundary water body has acted as both a connector and divider between Canada and the United States, ultimately becoming home to Canada’s largest urban area.

However, intensive human activity led to serious ecological damage, pushing communities to turn away from the lake. In response, binational efforts like the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreements emerged in the late 20th century, resulting in some environmental improvements. Despite these efforts, Lake Ontario remains the most degraded of the Great Lakes. The impacts of urbanization, invasive species, and climate change continue to challenge its recovery.

Macfarlane’s account highlights both the lake’s resilience and its vulnerability, urging renewed attention to its environmental health. The book serves as a compelling case study of human-nature interactions and the ongoing struggle to balance development with ecological preservation.

Daniel Macfarlane is associate professor in the School of Environment, Geography, and Sustainability at Western Michigan University and the author of Natural Allies: Environment, Energy, and the History of US-Canada Relations.

Image Credit: McGill-Queen’s University Press

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