I. Jurisdiction

Subject Matter Jurisdiction: Determines whether a court has the authority to hear a particular type of case. For instance, federal courts have jurisdiction over federal questions and diversity jurisdiction cases.

Personal Jurisdiction: Refers to the court's power over the parties involved in the litigation. A court must have personal jurisdiction over the defendant, which can be established through domicile, consent, presence in the state, or minimum contacts with the state.

II. Pleadings

Complaint: The initial pleading filed by the plaintiff, stating the grounds for the court's jurisdiction, the basis of the plaintiff's claim, and the demand for relief.

Answer: The defendant's response to the complaint, which may include defenses, admissions, denials, and any counterclaims against the plaintiff.

Reply: The plaintiff's response to a defendant's counterclaim.

Amended Pleadings: Parties may amend their pleadings to correct errors or to add new information, subject to certain rules and timelines.

III. Motions

Motion to Dismiss: Filed by the defendant, challenging the legal sufficiency of the plaintiff's complaint.

Motion for Summary Judgment: Requests the court to rule in favor of the moving party without a trial, arguing that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings: Similar to a motion to dismiss but filed after the pleadings are closed, asking for a judgment based solely on the pleadings.

IV. Discovery

Interrogatories: Written questions that one party serves on the other, which must be answered in writing and under oath.

Depositions: Oral questioning of a party or witness under oath, conducted before a court reporter.

Requests for Production: Requests to produce documents, electronically stored information, or tangible items relevant to the case.

Requests for Admission: Requests for a party to admit the truth of certain statements, thereby narrowing the issues for trial.

Subpoenas: Court orders requiring a person to testify at a deposition or trial, or to produce documents.

V. Trial Procedures

Pretrial Conferences: Meetings between the judge and parties to discuss the case and plan the trial, including settlement possibilities.

Jury Selection: The process of choosing jurors through voir dire, where potential jurors are questioned about their qualifications and potential biases.

Opening Statements: Both parties outline their cases to the jury, previewing the evidence they will present.

Presentation of Evidence: Both sides present their evidence through witness testimony, documents, and other exhibits.

Closing Arguments: Summarization of the case by both parties, attempting to persuade the jury to favor their side.

Jury Instructions: Directions given by the judge to the jury concerning the applicable law and the standards that must be met for a verdict.

Verdict: The jury’s decision, or the judge’s decision in a bench trial.

VI. Post-Trial Motions

Motion for a New Trial: Requests a new trial on the grounds of significant legal errors, juror misconduct, or newly discovered evidence.

Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict (JNOV): Asks the court to overturn the jury’s verdict on the grounds that no reasonable jury could have reached such a conclusion based on the evidence presented.

VII. Appeals

Notice of Appeal: Filed by the losing party to initiate the appellate process.

Appellate Briefs: Written arguments submitted by both sides, explaining why the trial court's decision should be affirmed or reversed.

Oral Argument: Opportunity for lawyers to present their case to the appellate judges and answer their questions.

Appellate Decision: The appellate court may affirm, reverse, or remand the case back to the trial court for further proceedings.

VIII. Enforcement of Judgments

Writ of Execution: Orders the seizure of the debtor's property

Garnishment: Orders a third party to turn over the debtor's property