In this episode, we present a panel discussion on the nature of “human factors” in surgery, presented by Peter Brennan, consultant oral and maxillofacial surgeon, Louise Cousins, trainee general surgeon, Neil Tayler, British Airways pilot and trainer, and Graham Shaw, also a British Airways pilot and Director of Critical Factors, a consulting and training service for professionals operating in safety-critical environments. This discussion will focus on the main concepts in human factors training, and how these can be applied to surgery to create stronger surgical teams and improve patient safety.