"I would be prepared to accept the status of independence for Cyprus on the condition that this status shall not be changed, either by union with Greece, by partition, or by any other way, unless the United Nations approves such a change." Archbishop Makarios, September 1958

In this episode, we explore connections between the American struggle for independence from Britain in 1776 and the Cypriot struggle for independence from Britain nearly 200 years later.

Here is a list of key terms, organizations, and people:

ENOSIS: the union of Cyprus with Greece

Archbishop Makarios: Leader of the enosis movement and first president of Cyprus

Topics include:

-a brief history of modern Cyprus from 1776, during Ottoman rule (1570-1878), through British rule (1878-1960)

-the changing governance models in Cyprus and the evolving legal status of Cypriots while under British rule

-the re-introduction by the British of democratic practices, constitutional rule, and a liberal legal system into Cyprus

-the impact of the Great Depression on Cyprus

-the impact of WWII, the Greek Civil War, and the Cold War on Cyprus

Prof. Varnava's books can be found here:

Assassination in Colonial Cyprus in 1934 and the Origins of EOKA

British Cyprus and the Long Great War, 1914-1925: Empire, Loyalties and Democratic Deficit

Serving the Empire in the Great War: The Cypriot Mule Corps, Imperial Loyalty and Silenced Memory

British Imperialism in Cyprus, 1878-1915: The Inconsequential Possession

The cover image depicts the British military hoisting the Union Jack in Nicosia, Cyprus, on 12 July 1878.

"At this very time, they are permitting their chief magistrate to send over not only soldiers of our common blood, but SCOTCH and foreign Mercenaries to invade and deluge us in blood." -From Jefferson's first draft of the Declaration of Independence

In this episode, we survey the history and importance of Scotland and Scottish people in Revolutionary America.

Topics include:

-anti-Scottish sentiment in the Colonies, particularly among Southern planters, like Jefferson, who were indebted to Scottish tobacco traders

-the origins of the "Pursuit of Happiness" in the Scottish Enlightenment

-explanations of Scots and the Scotch-Irish

-push and pull factors driving Scots and the Scotch-Irish to the Colonies

-the Jacobite Uprising in 1745 in Scotland and its consequences for Scotland and the 13 Colonies

-the revolutionary continuity among the various British upheavals of the 1600s and 1700s along with the American Revolution

-the Scottish tobacco trade

-the reception of the Declaration in Scotland

-wider implications of the Declaration on Scottish politics

-The connection or lack of connection between the Scottish Declaration of Arbroath in 1320 and the US Declaration

Prof. Francis Cogliano's books can be found here:

Revolutionary America, 1763.1815: A Political History

The American Revolution at 250

The cover image features one of the Scottish Founders, John Witherspoon. Witherspoon was born in East Lothian, Scotland, in 1723. In 1768, he emigrated to New Jersey to become the President of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton). A staunch republican and Presbyterian, he believed that resisting tyranny was the duty of Christians. He signed the Declaration of Independence on behalf of the citizens of New Jersey in 1776.

“The Mexican Nation, which for three hundred years has not had its own will, nor the free use of its voice, rises today from the oppression in which it has lived… [The Mexican Nation] solemnly declares, through its Supreme Junta of the Empire, that it is a Sovereign Nation and independent from old Spain, with which, in the future, it will not maintain another union but that of a close friendship, in the terms prescribed by international treaties…”

-Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire (1821)

In today's episode, we explore the actual and perceived influence of the American Revolution on Spanish American revolutions.

Topics include:

-the debate over the influence of the American Revolution on subsequent Latin American independence movements

-the history of New Spain (aka Mexico)

-an exploration of the Age of Revolutions in Latin America, beginning with Venezuela in July 1811

-critiques of the claim that the US Declaration of Independence acted as a model for Latin American declarations of independence

-the very different cultural, political, economic, and religious contexts that influenced American and Latin American

-differences in British and Spanish forms of imperial governance, which led to different outcomes for the self-rule of the new United States and the new Latin American nations

-the fact the representative institutions, local assemblies, and democratic cultures did not exist in the Spanish Empire--and were therefore difficult to create after the Latin American independence movements

-a unique aspect of the Mexican insurgency as opposed to the American revolt, namely that the Mexican leaders were conservative Catholic priests, Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Maria Morelos

-the impact of the new liberal Spanish Constitution, the Constitution of Cadiz of 1812, on Spanish America

-the story of Agustin de Iturbide, or Agustin 1, the first emperor of Mexico

-a reconsideration the claim that the American Revolution was influential in Spanish America

The cover image depicts the Congress of Chilpancingo, which issued Mexico's first semi-official Declaration of Independence in 1813.

"When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation."

In this episode, we discuss the historical and philosophical origins of the Declaration of Independence.

Topics include:

-an explanation of the importance of John Locke, natural rights, and natural law

-references to the state of nature and the social contract in the Declaration

-the right of revolution and the duty of revolution against an unjust government

-how the right of revolution applies to enslaved people

-Jefferson's intellectual conundrum: how can slavery be allowed to exist when all men are created equal, when all men are created free, and when all men have the right to rebel against a tyrannical government--at least according to natural law theory

-reframing the "pursuit of happiness" as the right of the people to abolish a government or to leave a nation in order to form a new one--that is to say, the natural right of expatriation

-understanding the Declaration as a pragmatic and practical political document as opposed to an abstract and idealistic philosophical document

-grievances #5 and #6 in the Declaration

-an explanation of the exclusions of in the Declaration

-Jefferson's justifications why Native Americans and enslaved people should not be a part of the new American social contract

Prof. Sarson's book can be found here:

The Course of Human Events: The Declaration of Independence and the Historical Origins of the United States

The cover image depicts Jefferson in 1786. The painting is by Mather Brown.

"Happiness" is mentioned twice in the opening lines of the Declaration of Independence, but what does it mean?

In this episode, Prof. Darrin McMahon, best-selling author of Happiness: A History, outlines the history of happiness and its various meanings.

Topics include:

-the history of the word in English and other languages

-happiness in the classical Greek and Roman philosophical traditions

-happiness in the Judeo-Christian and Buddhist traditions

-Enlightenment concepts of human happiness from thinkers like John Locke, Jeremy Bentham, William Blackstone, and Isaac Newton

-the opposition between happiness and suffering in the Declaration

-happiness in the Epicurean and Stoic traditions

-Jefferson's understanding of happiness and the views of other Founders

-enslaved, indigenous, and enslaved perspectives on happiness

Prof. McMahon's books can be found here:

Happiness: A History

Equality: The History of an Elusive Idea

Divine Fury: A History of Genius

In this episode, we discuss the rum industry in connection with grievances #16 and #17 in the Declaration of Independence:

"For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world"

"For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent"

Topics include the following:

-an explanation of rum production, from sugarcane to the finished product

-the origins of sugarcane and rum production in Barbados in the early 1600s

-the development of distilleries in the Colonies, particularly Massachusetts, in the late 1600s

-rum consumption in the Colonies by people in cities, slave traders, fishermen, and native Americans

-the use of rum as a form of payment in the triangular slave trade

-the imperial mercantilist competition between British rum and French brandy

-the moral and religious history of rum and alcohol consumption

-the Colonial activist movements that aimed to create political change, for example, by refusing to consume products made by enslaved people or by boycotting tea

-the Molasses Act of 1733 and the Sugar Act of 1763

-the rise of rum smuggling and the association between rum and piracy

-the deleted passage in the Declaration condemning slavery and its connection to the rum industry

-the state of the rum industry, slavery, and the abolition movement after the formation of the United States

-the development of the maple syrup industry as a moral alternative to the sugar and rum industry, which was driven by the immoral institution of slavery

Prof. Smith's book can be found here:

The Invention of Rum: Creating the Quintessential Atlantic Commodity

His article in Commonplace can be found here:

Where's the Pirate?

The cover image features a sugarcane plantation with a mill and enslaved people in Antigua.

"He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us."

In this episodes, we explore the many faces of Loyalism in the Colonies, particularly the Loyalist stronghold of New York City. Of course, Loyalists remained under the King's protection during the war, contrary to Grievance #23 of the Declaration of Independence.

Topics include the following:

-a description of the different Loyalists or Tories throughout the Colonies, including the rich and poor, black and white, Native and European, male and female

-the origins of the Sons of Liberty in 1765 as a result of the Stamp Act

-the development of the rift between Patriots and Loyalists

-misconceptions about these categories, namely that many Sons of Liberty became Loyalists, such as Joseph Allicocke and James de Lancey

-an overview of the political and legislative system of New York City and the ways in which the Stamp Act and the Quartering Act affected New Yorkers' perceptions of Parliament, the King, and their own political leaders

-Alexander McDougall's opposition to de Lancey's support of the Quartering Act, and his authorship of his pamphlet To the Betrayed Inhabitants of New York

-Edmund Burke's advocacy for the redress of legitimate Colonial grievances in Parliament

-the growing strife between Patriots and Loyalists in Manhattan and the flight of Loyalist New Yorkers to New Jersey

-the return of Loyalists to New York after the Battle of Long Island and the British capture of the city at the end of 1776

-an explanation of the oaths of allegiance to the King administered in occupied New York

-the flight of Loyalists from New York City after the end of the war

-the fate of Loyalists who chose to stay in the new United States after the war

Dr. Minty's book can be found here:

Unfriendly to Liberty: Loyalist Networks and the Coming of the American Revolution in New York City

In this episode we explore the Revolution 250 exhibit at The National Archives in Kew, from 24 June 2026 to 29 November 2026:

Revolution 250

Topics include the following:

-the story of the distribution of the Declaration first around the Colonies and then around the world

-a description of the National Archive's collection of early prints of the Declaration, including the extremely rare Dunlap Broadsides

-the fascinating stories of how these prints arrived in London, enclosed in letters from various British officials in the Colonies, such as Admiral Richard Howe and General William Howe

-an overview of the historical scope of the exhibition from 1763 to 1783

-the practicalities of preserving, sorting, and storing records in the National Archives

-the importance of intelligence gathering by Imperial officials in the Colonies, including the interception of letters and the creation of lists of likely rebels and loyalists

-an overview of the intercepted letters at the exhibition and an assessment of the British intelligence operation during the run up to the war and the war itself

-the Parliamentary debate in Britain in 1778 about the substance of the complaints in the Declaration of Independence

-the experience of indigenous people and enslaved people during this period

The cover image features a Dunlap broadside, printed in Philadelphia on the night of the 4th of July 1776.

"He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power…He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people."

In this episode, we unpack Grievances #11, #12, #23, and #24 of the Declaration of Independence and the relationship between Americans and the various types of armed troops in North America, from militias, to British regulars, to the Continental Army.

Topics include the following:

-the shared British and American tradition of opposing standing armies--because if they are not disbanded after wars, they are used by tyrants to take away the rights of the people

-the perception of American colonists that the King had stationed 10,000 soldiers in North America in 1763 precisely so he could enforce his tyrannical policies on them

-the various functions of Colonial militias in the 17th and 18th centuries, including war-fighting, civil policing, and preventing slave uprisings

-the strained relationships between the Colonial militias and British regulars during the 7 Years' War and Pontiac's Revolt

-the role of the Battles of Lexington and Concord in forcing Congress to create the Continental Army

-the political significance of the name the Continental Army, as opposed to the American or Congressional or Colonial Army

-the political significance of appointing George Washington, a Southerner and Virginian, as Commander of a mostly Northern militia force

-an introduction to Washington's senior officers: Artemas Ward, Israel Putnam, and Charles Lee

-initial British assessments of the strength and effectiveness of the new Continental Army

-the importance of the American victory at Fort Ticonderoga in reshaping the war; namely, the capture of British soldiers meant that American rebels would not be summarily executed as seditious traitors but treated with basic PoW protections

-a discussion of Grievance #24, that King George has ordered war crimes to be committed against innocent civilians

-the tendency on both sides to commit war crimes against the civilian population and efforts by officers on both sides to discipline soldiers who abused the civilians population

Dr. Chandler's book can be found here: War, Patriotism and Identity in Revolutionary North America

The cover image is a drawing of an American Soldier in 1778 by Friedrich von Germann (1744–1794), Captain of the Brunswick Regiment Erbprinz. The Brunswick Regiment was not technically Hessian; nevertheless, it formed part of the subsidy regiments (or mercenaries) hired by the British to fight the Americans.

"He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation."

In this episode, we examine one of the most important first-person accounts of the War for Independence, Johann Ewald's American War Diaries.

Ewald was an elite Hessian Officer who spent 8 long years in North America fighting against the Patriots on behalf of King George.

Topics include the following:

-the history of mercenaries or subsidy troops in Germanic states in the 18th century

-Ewald's childhood and early military career in the Seven Years' War

-Ewald's first treatise on petite guerre or irregular warfare

-The impact of Colonial frontiersmen--or irregular troops--on the Seven Years' War in North America

-The development of British Light Infantry and Hessian Jägers, whose role it was to counteract opposing irregular forces

-Ewald's deployment with his troops to New York City in October 1776 shortly after the Battle of Long Island

-His role in the Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776

-His assessment of the Continental Army and the American officer corps

-His subsequent influence on military theory, partisan warfare, and irregular warfare

Prof. McIntyre's monograph can be found here:

Johann Ewald: Jaeger Commander

His translation of Ewald's military treatise on irregular warfare can be found here:

Thoughts of a Hessian Officer on What Has to Be Done during a Tour with a Detachment in the Field