Macrovascular and microvascular complications like heart attack and stroke in diabetes, and how insulin treatment and glycemic control effect these risk factors. A brief overview of non-pharmaceutical interventions for all patients with diabetes.

Sources used:

"Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease." American Heart Association, https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/diabetes/why-diabetes-matters/cardiovascular-disease--diabetes.

"Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)." American Heart Association, https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/peripheral-artery-disease.

"Diabetes and Cerebrovascular Disease." American Diabetes Association, https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes/complications/cerebrovascular-disease.

"Diabetic Retinopathy." National Eye Institute, https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/diabetic-retinopathy.

"Diabetic Nephropathy." National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/diabetic-nephropathy.

"Diabetic Neuropathy." National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/preventing-problems/nerve-damage-diabetic-neuropathies.

"Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis." Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/dom.13027.

"Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes and Atherosclerosis Progression: A Systematic Review." Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4980141/.

American Diabetes Association. (2022). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2022. Diabetes Care, 45(Supplement 1), S3-S17.

Mayo Clinic. (2022). Diabetes management: How lifestyle, daily routine affect blood sugar. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-management/art-20047963

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2021). Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control. Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/preventing-problems

An overview of how glycemic control is obtained in type 2 diabetes and a brief overview of common step-wise approaches to treatment. A discussion on the role and effect of exercise for individuals with type 2 diabetes and how weight loss can effect type 2 diabetes.

Sources used:

American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(Suppl. 1):S1-S232. https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/44/Supplement_1

Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:140-149. https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/38/1/140.long

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines for Medical Care of Patients with Obesity. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(suppl 3):1-203. https://journals.aace.com/doi/full/10.4158/EP161365.GL

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Type 2 Diabetes. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/type-2-diabetes

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf

American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(Suppl. 1):S36-S46. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S002

Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, et al. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):e147-e167. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-9990

Umpierre D, Ribeiro PA, Kramer CK, et al. Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305(17):1790-1799. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.576

Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA, et al. Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(7):1481-1486. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-2415

Lean MEJ, Leslie WS, Barnes AC, et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10120):541-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1

An overview on the hope that diabetes can go into remission with lifestyle changes. Sustainable weight loss, utilizing small but consistent adjustments that are realistic for the individual to maintain throughout their lives. The role of bariatric surgery in diabetes.

Sources used:

Lean, M. E. J., Leslie, W. S., Barnes, A. C., Brosnahan, N., Thom, G., McCombie, L., Peters, C., Zhyzhneuskaya, S., Al-Mrabeh, A., Hollingsworth, K. G., Rodrigues, A. M., Rehackova, L., Adamson, A. J., Sniehotta, F. F., Mathers, J. C., & Taylor, R. (2018). Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): An open-label, cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet, 391(10120), 541-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1

Look AHEAD Research Group. (2014). Eight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: The Look AHEAD study. Obesity, 22(1), 5-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20662

Mingrone, G., Panunzi, S., De Gaetano, A., Guidone, C., Iaconelli, A., Leccesi, L., Nanni, G., Pomp, A., Castagneto, M., & Ghirlanda, G. (2015). Bariatric surgery versus conventional medical therapy for type 2 diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 365(4), 236-246. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1200111

Sofi, F., Abbate, R., Gensini, G. F., & Casini, A. (2010). Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 92(5), 1189-1196. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.29673

Schwingshackl, L., & Hoffmann, G. (2014). Long-term effects of low glycemic index/load vs. high glycemic index/load diets on parameters of obesity and obesity-associated risks: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 24(8), 823-836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2014.03.005

Johns, D. J., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Jebb, S. A., & Aveyard, P. (2014). Diet or exercise interventions vs combined behavioral weight management programs: A systematic review and meta-analysis of direct comparisons. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 114(10), 1557

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Bariatric surgery procedures

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/bariatric-surgery/procedures

American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery - https://asmbs.org/patients/metabolic-and-bariatric-surgery

Cleveland Clinic: Bariatric Surgery Options - https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/16944-bariatric-surgery-options

The New England Journal of Medicine: Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy for Diabetes - 5-Year Outcomes - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1200225

Continued look at diets this time with a focus on what the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends and their role in type 2 diabetes. Do high carbohydrate diets continually increase insulin secretion? How does intermittent fasting vs very-low calorie diets effect basal metabolic rate?

Sources used:

American Diabetes Association. (2021). Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2021. Diabetes Care, 44(Supplement 1), S1-S232. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S001

Franz, M. J., MacLeod, J., Evert, A., Brown, C., Gradwell, E., Handu, D., Reppert, A., Robinson, M., & Wylie-Rosett, J. (2020). Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition Practice Guideline for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: Systematic Review of Evidence for Medical Nutrition Therapy Effectiveness and Recommendations for Integration into the Nutrition Care Process. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 120(12), 2045-2063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.06.010

Evert, A. B., Dennison, M., Gardner, C. D., Garvey, W. T., Lau, K. H., MacLeod, J., Mitri, J., Pereira, R. F., Rawlings, K., Robinson, S., Saslow, L., Uelmen, S., Urbanski, P. B., & Yancy, W. S. (2019). Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: A consensus report. Diabetes Care, 42(5), 731-754. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci19-0014

Anton, S. D., Moehl, K., Donahoo, W. T., Marosi, K., Lee, S. A., Mainous III, A. G., Leeuwenburgh, C., & Mattson, M. P. (2018). Flipping the metabolic switch: Understanding and applying the health benefits of fasting. Obesity, 26(2), 254-268. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22065

Patterson, R. E., Laughlin, G. A., LaCroix, A. Z., Hartman, S. J., Natarajan, L., Senger, C. M., Martínez, M. E., Villaseñor, A., Sears, D. D., Marinac, C. R., & Gallo, L. C. (2015). Intermittent fasting and human metabolic health. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(8), 1203-1212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.018

Heilbronn, L. K., Smith, S. R., Martin, C. K., Anton, S. D., & Ravussin, E. (2005). Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: Effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81(1), 69-73. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.1.69

Varady, K. A., Bhutani, S., Church, E. C., & Klempel, M. C. (2009). Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: A novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90(5), 1138-1143. https://doi.org/10

A look at the role of excess insulin, how does it plan a role in the development or perpetuation of type 2 diabetes. FDA diet recommendations over the past 50 years. Is saturated fat really as bad as has been believed for more than a generation?

Sources used:

"Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance" from the American Diabetes Association: https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes/medication-management/insulin-other-injectables/hyperinsulinemia-and-insulin-resistance

"Insulin Resistance & Prediabetes" from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/prediabetes-insulin-resistance

"Hyperinsulinemia and Type 2 Diabetes" from the Journal of Diabetes Research: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jdr/2019/4986864/

"Evolution of Nutrition Guidelines and Education from Food Guide Pyramid to MyPlate," by Shilpa S. Samant and Sanjay R. Patel, Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, 2018. This article provides a good overview of the changes in nutrition guidelines and education from the 1970s to the present.

"History of the Food Guide Pyramid," from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. This article provides a detailed history of the evolution of the food guide pyramid, from its introduction in the 1980s to its replacement with MyPlate in 2011.

American Heart Association. (2021). Saturated fats. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/fats/saturated-fats

Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. (2021). The nutrition source: Fats and cholesterol. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/

Mozaffarian, D., & Ludwig, D. S. (2015). The 2015 US dietary guidelines: Lifting the ban on total dietary fat. JAMA, 313(24), 2421-2422. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.5941

Schwingshackl, L., Bogensberger, B., Benčič, A., Knüppel, S., Boeing, H., & Hoffmann, G. (2018). Effects of oils and solid fats on blood lipids: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of Lipid Research, 59(9), 1771-1782. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.P082503

Siri-Tarino, P. W., Sun, Q., Hu, F. B., & Krauss, R. M. (2010). Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 91(3), 535-546. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.27725

An introduction and look at prediabetes and also an overview of different types of diets that may show promise in assisting to treat pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes

Sources used:

American Diabetes Association. (2022). Diagnosis of Diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.diabetes.org/a1c/diagnosis

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Prediabetes - Your Chance to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/prediabetes.html

Mayo Clinic. (2022). Prediabetes. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prediabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355278

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2021). Prediabetes & Insulin Resistance. Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/prediabetes-insulin-resistance

Esposito, K., Maiorino, M. I., Ceriello, A., & Giugliano, D. (2010). Prevention and control of type 2 diabetes by Mediterranean diet: a systematic review. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 89(2), 97-102.

Salas-Salvadó, J., Bulló, M., & Estruch, R. (2014). Mediterranean diet and health: how can we reconcile the health benefits with the environmental impact?. Public health nutrition, 17(7), 1536-1538.

Sainsbury, E., Kizirian, N. V., Partridge, S. R., & Gill, T. P. (2018). Effect of dietary carbohydrate restriction on glycemic control in adults with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 139, 239-252.

Feinman, R. D., Pogozelski, W. K., Astrup, A., Bernstein, R. K., Fine, E. J., Westman, E. C., ... & Accurso, A. (2015). Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: Critical review and evidence base. Nutrition, 31(1), 1-13.

Azadbakht, L., Fard, N. R., Karimi, M., Baghaei, M. H., & Surkan, P. J. (2014). Effect of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition, 30(6), 593-598.

American Heart Association. (2021). The DASH Diet. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/nutrition-basics/the-dash-diet.

Barnard, N. D., Cohen, J., Jenkins, D. J., Turner-McGrievy, G., Gloede, L., Green, A., & Ferdowsian, H. (2006). A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care, 29(8), 1777-1783.

Kahleova, H., Levin, S., & Barnard, N. D. (2018). Vegetarian dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 61(1), 54-61.

Estruch, R., Martínez-González, M. A., Corella, D., Salas-Salvadó, J., Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V., Covas, M. I., ... & Gómez-Gracia, E. (2006). Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized trial. Annals of internal medicine, 145(1), 1-11.

American Diabetes Association. (2021). Nutrition Therapy for Adults with Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report. Diabetes Care, 44(2), 487-500.

An overview of type 2 diabetes

Sources used:

"Type 2 Diabetes" from the American Diabetes Association: https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes/type-2

"Type 2 Diabetes" from the Mayo Clinic: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193

"Type 2 Diabetes" from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/type-2-diabetes

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes-stat-report.html

An overview of type 2 diabetes

Sources used:

"Type 2 Diabetes" from the American Diabetes Association: https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes/type-2

"Type 2 Diabetes" from the Mayo Clinic: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193

"Type 2 Diabetes" from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/type-2-diabetes

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes-stat-report.html

This is a brief overview and introduction to myself and why there is more to this podcast!