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The mango is a juicy stone fruit belonging to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous tropical fruiting trees, cultivated mostly for edible fruit. The majority of these species are found in nature as wild mangoes. They all belong to the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. The mango is native to South Asia[1][2] from where it has been distributed worldwide to become one of the most cultivated fruits in the tropics. The center of diversity of the Mangifera genus is in India.

While other Mangifera species (e.g. horse mango, Mangifera foetida) are also grown on a more localized basis, Mangifera indica—the "common mango" or "Indian mango"—is the only mango tree commonly cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions.

It is the national fruit of India, Pakistan, and the Philippines, and the national tree of Bangladesh.

Mangoes have been cultivated in South Asia for thousands of years[12] and reached East Asia between the fifth and fourth centuries BC. By the 10th century AD, cultivation had begun in East Africa.[12] The 14th-century Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta reported it at Mogadishu.[13] Cultivation came later to Brazil, the West Indies, and Mexico, where an appropriate climate allows its growth.[12]

Photo of mango trees with clear sky in background

Mango orchard in Multan, Pakistan

The mango is now cultivated in most frost-free tropical and warmer subtropical climates; almost half of the world's mangoes are cultivated in India alone, with the second-largest source being China.[14][15][16] Mangoes are also grown in Andalusia, Spain (mainly in Málaga province), as its coastal subtropical climate is one of the few places in mainland Europe that permits the growth of tropical plants and fruit trees. The Canary Islands are another notable Spanish producer of the fruit. Other cultivators include North America (in South Florida and California's Coachella Valley), South and Central America, the Caribbean, Hawai'i, south, west, and central Africa, Australia, China, South Korea, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Southeast Asia. Though India is the largest producer of mangoes, it accounts for less than 1% of the international mango trade; India consumes most of its own production.[17]

Many commercial cultivars are grafted on to the cold-hardy rootstock of 'Gomera-1' mango cultivar, originally from Cuba. Its root system is well adapted to a coastal Mediterranean climate.[18] Many of the 1,000+ mango cultivars are easily cultivated using grafted saplings, ranging from the "turpentine mango" (named for its strong taste of turpentine[19]) to the huevos de toro.[citation needed] Dwarf or semidwarf varieties serve as ornamental plants and can be grown in containers. A wide variety of diseases can afflict mangoes.

More info at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango

Juan Gonzalo Angel

www.tvagro.tv

Twitter @juangangel

Orchidaceae is a diverse and widespread family of flowering plants, with blooms that are often colourful and often fragrant, commonly known as the orchid family. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering plants, with between 21,950 and 26,049 currently accepted species, found in 880 genera.[2][3] The determination of which family is larger is still under debate, because verified data on the members of such enormous families are continually in flux. Regardless, the number of orchid species nearly equals the number of bony fishes and more than twice the number of bird species, and about four times the number of mammal species. The family also encompasses about 6–11% of all seed plants.[4] The largest genera are Bulbophyllum (2,000 species), Epidendrum (1,500 species), Dendrobium (1,400 species) and Pleurothallis (1,000 species).

The family also includes Vanilla (the genus of the vanilla plant), Orchis (type genus), and many commonly cultivated plants such as Phalaenopsis and Cattleya. Moreover, since the introduction of tropical species into cultivation in the 19th century, horticulturists have produced more than 100,000 hybrids and cultivars.

Vea Mas información en es.wikipedia.org

Juan Gonzalo Angel

www.tvagro.tv

Twitter @juangangel

Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world. There are eight different genera in the family classified as rabbits, including the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), cottontail rabbits (genus Sylvilagus; 13 species), and the Amami rabbit (Pentalagus furnessi, an endangered species on Amami Ōshima, Japan). There are many other species of rabbit, and these, along with pikas and hares, make up the order Lagomorpha. The male is called a buck and the female is a doe; a young rabbit is a kitten or kit.

Habitat and range

include meadows, woods, forests, grasslands, deserts and wetlands. Rabbits live in groups, and the best known species, the European rabbit, lives in underground burrows, or rabbit holes. A group of burrows is called a warren.

More than half the world's rabbit population resides in North America. They are also native to southwestern Europe, Southeast Asia, Sumatra, some islands of Japan, and in parts of Africa and South America. They are not naturally found in most of Eurasia, where a number of species of hares are present. Rabbits first entered South America relatively recently, as part of the Great American Interchange. Much of the continent has just one species of rabbit, the tapeti, while most of South America's southern cone is without rabbits.

The European rabbit has been introduced to many places around the world

More info at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit

Juan Gonzalo Angel

www.tvagro.tv

Twitter @juangangel

Organic egg production is the production of eggs through organic means. In this process, the poultry are fed organic feed. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, organic means that the laying hens must have access to the outdoors and cannot be raised in cages.[1] Organic egg producers cannot use antibiotics except during an infectious outbreak. Only natural molting can occur within the flock; forced molting is not allowed. Organic certification also requires maintenance of basic animal welfare standards

Differences between "Free Range" and "Organic"

Significant differences cover feed, medication, and animal welfare. Organic hens are fed organic feed; it is prohibited to feed animal byproducts or GMO crops - which is not disallowed in free range environments; no antibiotics allowed except in emergencies (in free range, it is up to the farmer, but the same levels of antibiotics as conventional farming is allowed); required animal welfare standards in organic farms, which can improve the quality of both the eggs and the meat - low stress levels, which are not necessarily guaranteed by organic production nor unique to it, may lead to superior quality of animal products, a fact long known and used in the production of Wagyu beef,[citation needed] whose high quality is to a greater extent the result of its genetic composition, altered by breeding, as opposed to production practices. Regional producers of free-range eggs in the United States include Hillandale Farms in the east, Dreamfarm in the Northeast, Common Good Farm in the midwest and Chino Valley Ranchers in the West. See their respective websites for information on their practices.

Vea Mas información en es.wikipedia.org

Juan Gonzalo Angel

www.tvagro.tv

Twitter @juangangel

Organic egg production is the production of eggs through organic means. In this process, the poultry are fed organic feed. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, organic means that the laying hens must have access to the outdoors and cannot be raised in cages.[1] Organic egg producers cannot use antibiotics except during an infectious outbreak. Only natural molting can occur within the flock; forced molting is not allowed. Organic certification also requires maintenance of basic animal welfare standards

Differences between "Free Range" and "Organic"

Significant differences cover feed, medication, and animal welfare. Organic hens are fed organic feed; it is prohibited to feed animal byproducts or GMO crops - which is not disallowed in free range environments; no antibiotics allowed except in emergencies (in free range, it is up to the farmer, but the same levels of antibiotics as conventional farming is allowed); required animal welfare standards in organic farms, which can improve the quality of both the eggs and the meat - low stress levels, which are not necessarily guaranteed by organic production nor unique to it, may lead to superior quality of animal products, a fact long known and used in the production of Wagyu beef,[citation needed] whose high quality is to a greater extent the result of its genetic composition, altered by breeding, as opposed to production practices. Regional producers of free-range eggs in the United States include Hillandale Farms in the east, Dreamfarm in the Northeast, Common Good Farm in the midwest and Chino Valley Ranchers in the West. See their respective websites for information on their practices.

Vea Mas información en es.wikipedia.org

Juan Gonzalo Angel

www.tvagro.tv

Twitter @juangangel

The papaya (/pəˈpaɪə/ or US /pəˈpɑːjə/) (from Carib via Spanish), papaw, (/pəˈpɔː/[2]) or pawpaw (/ˈpɔːˌpɔː/[2] is the fruit of the plant Carica papaya, and is one of the 22 accepted species in the genus Carica of the plant family Caricaceae.[3]

It is native to the tropics of the Americas, perhaps from southern Mexico and neighbouring Central America.[4] It was first cultivated in Mexico[citation needed] several centuries before the emergence of the Mesoamerican classical civilizations.

The papaya is a large, tree-like plant, with a single stem growing from 5 to 10 m (16 to 33 ft) tall, with spirally arranged leaves confined to the top of the trunk. The lower trunk is conspicuously scarred where leaves and fruit were borne. The leaves are large, 50–70 cm (20–28 in) in diameter, deeply palmately lobed, with seven lobes. Unusually for such large plants, the trees are dioecious. The tree is usually unbranched, unless lopped. The flowers are similar in shape to the flowers of the Plumeria, but are much smaller and wax-like. They appear on the axils of the leaves, maturing into large fruit - 15–45 cm (5.9–17.7 in) long and 10–30 cm (3.9–11.8 in) in diameter. The fruit is a type of berry.[5] It is ripe when it feels soft (as soft as a ripe avocado or a bit softer) and its skin has attained an amber to orange hue.

Carica papaya was the first transgenic fruit tree to have its genome deciphered

apaya plants grow in three sexes: male, female, and hermaphrodite. The male produces only pollen, never fruit. The female will produce small, inedible fruits unless pollinated. The hermaphrodite can self-pollinate since its flowers contain both male stamens and female ovaries. Almost all commercial papaya orchards contain only hermaphrodites.[7]

Originally from southern Mexico (particularly Chiapas and Veracruz), Central America, and northern South America,[4] the papaya is now cultivated in most tropical countries. In cultivation, it grows rapidly, fruiting within three years. It is, however, highly frost-sensitive, limiting its production to tropical climates. Temperatures below −2 °C (29 °F) are greatly harmful if not fatal. In Florida and California, growth is generally limited to southern parts of the states. In California, it's generally limited to private gardens in Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego Counties. It also prefers sandy, well-drained soil, as standing water will kill the plant within 24 hours.[8]

For cultivation, however, only female plants are used, since they give off a single flower each time, and close to the base of the plant, while the male gives off multiple flowers in long stems, which result in poorer quality fruit.[4]

Top producers of papayas, 2013 Country/State Production in millions of tons

India

5.5

Brazil

1.6

Indonesia

0.9

Nigeria

0.8

Mexico

0.8

World

12.4

Source: United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, FAOSTAT [9]

India and Brazil are the major producers of papaya, together providing 57% of the world total of 12.4 million tons in 2013 (FAOSTAT chart).

Gaining in popularity among tropical fruits worldwide, papaya is now ranked fourth in total tropical fruit production after bananas, oranges, and mango. Global papaya production has grown significantly over the last few years, mainly as a result of increased production in India.[10] Papaya has become an important agricultural export for developing countries, where export revenues of the fruit provide a livelihood for thousands of people, especially in Asia and Latin America.

More info at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya

Juan Gonzalo Angel

www.tvagro.tv

Twitter @juangangel

La semilla, simiente o pepita es cada uno de los cuerpos que forman parte del fruto que da origen a una nueva planta; es la estructura mediante la cual realizan la propagación las plantas que por ello se llaman espermatofitas (plantas con semilla). La semilla se produce por la maduración de un óvulo de una gimnosperma o de una angiosperma. Una semilla contiene un embrión del que puede desarrollarse una nueva planta bajo condiciones apropiadas. También contiene una fuente de alimento almacenado y está envuelta en una cubierta protectora

El alimento almacenado comienza como un tejido fino llamado endospermo, que es provisto por la planta progenitora y puede ser rico en aceite o almidón y en proteínas. En ciertas especies el embrión se aloja en el endospermo, que la semilla utilizará para la germinación.

En otras especies, el endospermo es absorbido por el embrión mientras que el último crece dentro de la semilla en desarrollo, y los cotiledones del embrión se llenan del alimento almacenado. En la madurez, las semillas de estas especies carecen de endospermo. Algunas de las plantas comunes cuyas semillas carecen de endospermo son habas, guisantes, calabazas, girasoles, y rábanos picantes (al igual que todas las especies de la familia Brassicaceae). Las semillas de plantas con endospermo incluyen todas las coníferas, la mayoría de las hierbas y de otras monocotiledóneas, tales como el maíz y el coco.

La envoltura de la semilla se desarrolla a partir de cubiertas, llamadas tegumentos, que originalmente rodean al óvulo. En la semilla esta envoltura madura se puede convertir en una fina cubierta, como en el cacahuete, o en algo más sustancial.

Las semillas de las angiospermas quedan contenidas en estructuras secas o carnosas (o en capas de ambas), llamadas frutos. En español se llama fruta al alimento que representan los frutos carnosos y dulces. En cambio, las semillas de las gimnospermas comienzan su desarrollo «desnudas» sobre las brácteas de los conos, aunque en su desarrollo son acompañadas por escamas, que ayudan a su protección o a su dispersión.

Vea Mas información en https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semilla

Juan Gonzalo Angel

www.tvagro.tv

Twitter @juangangel

La primera ley nos dice que para que un pasto sea productivo debe recibir un periodo de descanso entre dos pastoreos. Esto le permite al pasto almacenar reservas en sus raíces y desarrollarse rápidamente para producir la mayor cantidad de masa verde por unidad de superficie.

Este periodo de descanso depende de la fisiología misma de la planta, las condiciones medioambientales y las características del suelo. Es muy importante que este tiempo de descanso sea el adecuado pues si los animales entran a pastoreo antes del tiempo correcto se pone en peligro la vida del pasto y si el tiempo de descanso ha sido demasiado largo es muy probable que la calidad del forraje no sea la óptima. Para ello es necesario conocer la curva sigmoide de crecimiento de los pasto cultivados en la finca.

La segunda ley nos dice que un pasto no debe ser cortado dos veces por el animal en el mismo periodo de ocupación del potrero. Esto se logra mediante periodos cortos de pastoreo, en potreros pequeños y con ocupaciones de 2 a 4 días. Por supuesto hablar de “pequeño” o “grande” es un valor relativo pues todo depende de la cantidad de animales que trabajemos en la finca.

La tercera ley nos dice que cuanto menos trabajo tenga un animal para cosechar a fondo un potrero mayor será la cantidad de pasto cosechado. Para ellos los brasileros recomiendan una altura de 60-8o centímetros cuando se trata de pastos eréctiles y 15 a 25 centímetros cuando se trata de gramíneas postradas como el Pangola.

La cuarta ley nos dice que para que un animal sostenga su producción no debe permanecer más de 48-72 horas en el mismo potrero pues está demostrado que los bovinos presentan mayores producciones durante las primeras 24 horas de ocupación del potrero decreciendo estas a medida que transcurre el tiempo. Esto se debe a que cada vez el animal cosecha menos forraje y de menor calidad.

Este es un sistema que permite maximizar la producción pero de la misma forma es un sistema que requiere una alta intervención humana. Los productores que deseen implementar este u otros sistemas similares en sus fincas deben tener en cuenta una serie de recomendaciones:

El análisis del suelo es de vital importancia. El suelo convertirá el pasto en carne y leche y por ello debe recibir de vuelta lo que los animales van sacando. Nunca hay que perder de vista que la pastura es un cultivo y como tal debe ser tratado.

Vea Mas información en http://jairoserrano.com/2009/02/pasto...

Juan Gonzalo Angel

www.tvagro.tv

Twitter @juangangel

Capsicum es un género de plantas angiospermas, dicotiledóneas nativo de las regiones tropicales y subtropicales de América y que pertenecen a la familia de las solanáceas. Comprende 40 especies aceptadas, de las casi 200 descritas, herbáceas o arbustivas, generalmente anuales, aunque las especies cultivadas —prácticamente en el mundo entero— se han convertido en perennes en condiciones favorables.

Corresponden a los ajíes, chiles, guindillas o pimientos —entre otros muchos nombres comunes, vocablos todos que se refieren a los frutos, inmaduros, maduros o secados, de unas cuantas especies del género, según su forma, su color, su sabor, sus usos o su procedencia.

Son plantas arbustivas, anuales o perennes que pueden alcanzar 4 m de altura, aunque la mayoría no llega a los 2 m. Tienen tallos ramificados glabros o con pubescencia rala. Las hojas, de 4-12 cm de largo, son solitarias u opuestas, pecioladas y con los limbos simples enteros o sinuados. Las flores actinomorfas y hermafroditas, o las inflorescencias, axilares y sin pedúnculos, nacen en los nudos de las hojas con el tallo. Son erectas o péndulas. Tienen normalmente 5 sépalos en un cáliz persistente acampanado y denticulado, ocasionalmente acrescente en el fruto, y habitualmente 5 —y desde 4 hasta muchos en cultivares— pétalos de color blanco, amarillo, azul, violeta más o menos intenso, moteado de verde o francamente bicolor. Los estambres, soldados a la corola, tienen las anteras amarillas o purpúreas, de forma ovoide y dehiscente longitudinalmente. Su ovario es súpero, bi o tri-carpelar incluso más, con numerosos óvulos, y el estilo es fino con un estigma pequeño y cabezudo. El fruto, erecto o péndulo, es una baya de tipo carnoso hueca, siempre verde, más o menos oscuro, cuando inmaduro y que se torna de color amarillo-anaranjado-rojo vivo - y hasta violeta - al madurar; sin embargo unas especies salvajes de Brasil no cambian de color al madurar, y se quedan verdes. Curiosamente, o quizás por esto, estas especies tienen 26 cromosomas en lugar del habitual 24 para las especies domesticadas. Tiene interiormente tabiques generalmente incompletos —concurriendo hacia el eje en la base del fruto— en los cuales se insertan las semillas, sobre todo en la zona axial, engrosada, de convergencia. Dichos frutos pueden tener hasta unos 15 cm de largo, y son de forma muy diversa, desde globulares hasta estrechamente cónicos. Las simientes, que pueden conservarse unos 3 años en condiciones favorables, son amarillentas y hasta negruzcas; tienen forma discoidal algo espiralada, esta mas grande que mis polainas de perfil muy aplanado, con finísimos sillones concéntricos crenulados y miden unos mm de diámetro. El embrión tiene forma de tubo enrollado

Vea Mas información en https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsicum

Juan Gonzalo Angel

www.tvagro.tv

Twitter @juangangel

La Reserva Natural Cañón del Río Claro “El Refugio” se encuentra ubicada en la vertiente sur oriental de la cordillera central en el departamento de Antioquia, Colombia compartiendo linderos entre los municipios de Puerto Triunfo, San Luis y Sonson, a 40 Kilómetros del nacimiento del río, en el Alto del Tigre y el Alto de la Osa (Sonson) y a 57 Kilómetros de la desembocadura en el río Magdalena. Para ver un mapa de localización y la ficha técnica del lugar por favor visite nuestra página de ubicación.

Esta reserva natural, es un proyecto de iniciativa privada, que se inició en 1970, y que con conciencia ambiental apoya la protección de los bosques húmedos tropicales en el Cañón del Río Claro, al tiempo que desarrolla turismo ecológico con programas educativos-recreativos, dentro del área protegida.

Este refugio de vegetación tropical caracterizado por bosques húmedos que crecen sobre rocas de caliza en los yacimientos de mármol de la región de Río Claro del Norte, es una de las reservas mas importantes y hermosas en el centro del país.

Es un lugar que goza de una gran biodiversidad en su flora y su fauna, y de una indescriptible belleza reflejada en la transparencia del río, que durante millones de años se abrió camino a través de las altas colinas de piedra, para formar el mas esplendoroso Cañón de Mármol que existe en Colombia.

Bienvenidos a la Reserva Natural Cañón del Río Claro, al abrir este esplendoroso lugar al público, nuestra intención es la de compartir su magia y su fuerza para sensibilizar, educar y concientizar a los visitantes sobre la importancia biológica de la conservación de estos reductos.

Vea Mas información en http://www.rioclaroelrefugio.com/info...

Juan Gonzalo Angel

www.tvagro.tv