In this episode of UNAPOLOGETIC Professor John Esposito — one of the world’s foremost scholars on political Islam — unpacks 120 years of modern Islamic movements. 
From Afghani and Abdu’s 19th-century reformist vision, through Hassan al-Banna and Maududi’s activism, to Sayyid Qutb’s radical turn, we trace the intellectual and political forces that shaped the Muslim world. 
We explore the Iranian Revolution, the Afghan war, democratic Islamists, authoritarian crackdowns, and how the West’s perceptions of Islamism were forged. This is a masterclass in the history, ideas, and global impact of political Islam. 
UNAPOLOGETIC is hosted by Ashfaaq Carim 
Chapters
0:00 – Intro & episode setup 
2:33 – Esposito’s unlikely journey 
5:41 – Immersion in Muslim scholarship 
10:14 – Plan: 120 years’ history 
12:14 – Afghani & Abdu’s vision 15:45 – Islam as civilization & faith 
18:09 – Abdu’s modernist reform ideas 22:02 – Anti-colonial political Islam roots 
23:54 – Al-Banna & Maududi emerge 
26:44 – Movements spread transnationally 
30:58 – Ideas spread without media 
33:15 – Critique of elites & clerics 
38:58 – Sayyid Qutb’s radical turn 
43:39 – America through Qutb’s eyes 
47:14 – Nasser’s crackdown & prisons 
50:33 – Cross-pollination of movements 
52:47 – Iranian revolution reshapes politics 
55:03 – Authoritarianism fuels radicalisation 
57:12 – Gradualists vs violent factions 
1:04:05 – Revolution’s impact on perceptions 
1:09:58 – Shah, hostage crisis, US errors 
1:18:22 – Afghan jihad to al-Qaeda 
1:27:05 – Democratic Islamists in power 
1:35:48 – Post-Cold War Islamism shifts 
1:40:19 – 9/11 & war on terror 
1:49:15 – Arab Spring & Brotherhood 
1:53:32 – Egypt’s coup & repression 
2:02:08 – Islamism, democracy & inclusion 
2:07:39 – Misrepresentation in Western discourse