Louisiana v. Callais | Case No. 24-109 | Oral Argument Date: 10/15/25 | Docket Link: Here

Question Presented: Whether the State's intentional creation of a second majority-minority congressional district violates the Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

Other Referenced Episodes:

• August 19th – Road Work Ahead: How Four 2024 Cases May Be Reshaping First Amendment Scrutiny | Here

Overview

This episode examines Louisiana v. Callais, a potentially transformative voting rights case that could reshape Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act and minority representation nationwide. After ordering reargument and supplemental briefing, the Supreme Court confronts whether race-conscious redistricting to create majority-minority districts violates the very constitutional amendments the VRA was designed to enforce, creating a fundamental paradox at the intersection of civil rights law and equal protection doctrine.

Episode Roadmap

Opening: A Constitutional Paradox

• Supreme Court's unusual reargument order and supplemental question

• From routine redistricting challenge to existential VRA question

• Constitutional paradox: using civil rights laws to potentially strike down civil rights protections

Constitutional Framework: The Reconstruction Amendments

• Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendment enforcement clauses

• Congressional power versus Equal Protection constraints

• Strict scrutiny as constitutional roadblock for race-conscious government action

Background: From Robinson to Callais

• 2022 Robinson v. Ardoin litigation establishing Section 2 violation

• Complex procedural ping-pong through federal courts

• Louisiana's creation of SB8-6 with second majority-Black district

• March 2025 oral argument leading to reargument order

Section 2 Framework: The Gingles Test

• Effects test versus intent requirement

• Three-part analysis for Section 2 violations

• Majority-minority districts as remedial tool

Legal Arguments: Competing Constitutional Visions

Appellants' Defense (Louisiana & Robinson Intervenors):

• Congressional authority under Reconstruction Amendments

• Section 2 compliance as compelling governmental interest

• Narrow tailoring through built-in Gingles limitations

Appellees' Challenge (Callais):

• Section 2 fails congruence and proportionality review

• Students for Fair Admissions requires specific discrimination evidence

• "Good reasons" test provides insufficient constitutional protection

Oral Argument Preview: Key Questions for Reargument

• Temporal scope of congressional enforcement power

• SFFA's impact on voting rights doctrine

• Practical consequences for existing majority-minority districts

• Federalism tensions in electoral oversight

Episode Highlights

Constitutional Tension: The same Reconstruction Amendments used to justify the VRA in 1965 now being invoked to potentially strike it down in 2025

Procedural Drama: Court's unusual reargument order signals fundamental doctrinal questions about VRA's constitutional foundations

Practical Stakes: Could eliminate dozens of majority-minority congressional districts and significantly reduce minority representation

Historical Evolution: From 1982 Section 2 effects test designed to combat discrimination to 2025 argument that it perpetuates discrimination

SFFA Integration: How 2023 affirmative action ruling's anti-classification principle applies to political representation

Evidence Battle: Whether current Louisiana record contains sufficient proof of ongoing intentional discrimination to justify race-conscious remedies

Referenced Cases

Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard | 600 U.S. 181 (2023)

• Question Presented: Whether universities may use race as a factor in student admissions decisions
• Arguments: Established anti-classification principle requiring specific evidence of discrimination before race-conscious government action; appellees argue this standard should apply to voting rights and eliminate Section 2's effects test

Miller v. Johnson | 515 U.S. 900 (1995)

• Question Presented: Whether Georgia's congressional redistricting plan violated Equal Protection by using race as predominant factor
• Arguments: Warned that VRA's command for race-based districting "brings the Act into tension with the Fourteenth Amendment"; central to appellees' argument that this tension has only worsened over decades

Shaw v. Hunt | 517 U.S. 899 (1996)

• Question Presented: Whether North Carolina's race-conscious redistricting plan satisfied strict scrutiny
• Arguments: Established "good reasons" test allowing states to consider race if they have strong basis in evidence for believing VRA compliance required; appellees attack this as insufficient constitutional protection

City of Boerne v. Flores | 521 U.S. 507 (1997) | Docket Link: Here

• Question Presented: Whether Religious Freedom Restoration Act exceeded Congress's enforcement powers under Fourteenth Amendment
• Arguments: Established congruence and proportionality test requiring congressional remedies be proportional to constitutional violations; appellees argue Section 2 fails this test due to lack of current discrimination findings

Thornburg v. Gingles | 478 U.S. 30 (1986)

• Question Presented: What standards govern Section 2 vote dilution claims
• Arguments: Created three-part test for Section 2 violations requiring minority political cohesion, majority bloc voting, and geographic compactness; appellants argue these requirements provide adequate constitutional constraints

Allen v. Milligan | 599 U.S. 1 (2023) | Docket Link: Here

• Question Presented: Whether Alabama's congressional map violated Section 2 by diluting Black voting strength
• Arguments: Reaffirmed Section 2's continued vitality but left constitutional questions unresolved; Alabama's immediate non-compliance cited by appellants as evidence ongoing discrimination requires continued VRA protection

Shelby County v. Holder | 570 U.S. 529 (2013)

• Question Presented: Whether Section 4's coverage formula for Section 5 preclearance violates Equal Protection
• Arguments: Struck down VRA preclearance based on outdated congressional findings; appellees argue similar logic should apply to Section 2's effects test lacking current discrimination evidence