So the question this week is do deer have the ability to apply quick-witted intelligence? Or are they simply reacting to their environment in a way that has repeatedly had a positive outcome in the past? I think you know the answer because lets be honest if deer were smart they wouldn't travel in a pattern.

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1. Penn State Deer-Forest Study (2013–Present): GPS-collar research on deer movement, site fidelity, and behavior. https://www.deer.psu.edu
2. Ozoga, J.J. & Verme, L.J. (1982) – “Social organization, behavior, and learning in captive white-tailed deer.” Michigan DNR Research Report 306.
3. Swihart, R.K., Pignatello, J.J., & Mattina, M.J. (1991) – “Aversive responses of white-tailed deer to predator urines.” Journal of Chemical Ecology, 17(4), 767–777.
4. North American Whitetail (2018) – “The Science Behind a Deer’s Sense of Smell.”
5. Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources (2018) – Managing White-tailed Deer in Suburban Environments