CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (4:13) Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, photos, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 2-3-17. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of February 6, 2017.  This week’s episode is an updated re-do of a show from January 2013. SOUND AND MUSIC - ~ 8 sec This week, we drop in on a Virginia community supper where, on a cold winter evening, instrumental music honoring the natural vegetation of colonial Virginia had supper-goers calling out the names of native Virginia plants!   Sound unbelievable?  Well, just have a listen for about 50 seconds. MUSIC and VOICES - ~ 51 sec You’ve been listening to part of “Fair Meadows and Goodly Tall Trees,” performed by Timothy Seaman and Ardie Boggs on the 2006 CD, “Jamestown: On the Edge of a Vast Continent,” from Pine Wind Music.   The title comes from a description of Virginia’s coastal landscape by an English colonist in 1607.  Along with the music were the names of 13 plants found in water or wetlands in today’s Virginia.  Those plants are a small sample of the hundreds of aquatic and wetland plants—and the over 3000 total plants—growing wild in the Commonwealth. While Virginia’s well known for its human history, the state also has a rich natural history, due in large part to its colorful, diverse, and complex plant life.   That remarkable natural resource is documented in the 1600-page Flora of Virginia. Published in late 2012, the Flora is the first comprehensive listing and description of Virginia’s plants since 1762.  In 2017, plant lovers and students will have two more learning opportunities: a Flora of Virginia Mobile App is under development, and the Library of Virginia’s “Flora of Virginia” exhibition is being shown in eight Commonwealth localities between January and December. Thanks to Blacksburg friends for lending their voices to this episode.  Thanks also to Timothy Seaman for permission to use this week’s music, and we close with a few more seconds of “Fair Meadows and Goodly Tall Trees.” MUSIC - ~ 12 sec SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463.  Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Fair Meadows and Goodly Tall Trees” and “Jamestown: On the Edge of a Vast Continent” are copyright 2006 by Timothy Seaman and Pine Wind Music, used with permission. Plants mentioned in this episode (in the order mentioned), with scientific name in italics, are as follows: Lizard’s-tail, Saururus cernuus; Water Stargrass, Heteranthera dubia; Sundew, Drosera (several species with this common name); Wild Celery, Vallisneria americana; Toad Rush, Juncus bufonius; Spike Rush, Eleocharis (various species with this common name); Water-willow, Justicia americana; American Lotus, Nelumbo lutea; Yellow Water Buttercup, Ranunculus flabellaris; Sweetflag, Acorus calamus; Sea Lavender, Limonium carolinianum; Arrowhead, Sagittaria (several species with this common name); Duckweed, Lemna (several species with this common name). Thanks to Tom Wieboldt, retired associate curator of the herbarium in the Virginia Tech Department of Biological Sciences, for assistance with this episode in 2013.  Thanks to neighbors in Blacksburg, Virginia, for recording plant names on January 20 and 27, 2013. This episode is an updated repeat of Episode 146, 1-28-13, which has been archived. PHOTOS Above: Wild Celery near Dixon Landing on the James River (Nelson-Bu

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (4:19) Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, images, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 1-27-17. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of January 30, 2017. SOUND – ~12 sec As of late January, these five men and 135 other members of the Virginia General Assembly were collectively considering over 2000 bills in the Assembly’s 2017 session.  About 160 of those bills concern water resources, either directly or indirectly through energy, transportation, or other land uses.  This week is Virginia Water Radio’s annual episode giving YOU a chance to imagine being an Assembly member, and to consider how you’d vote on four water-related bills.   I’ll give you brief descriptions of the bills, followed by a couple of seconds to decide if you would vote for or against the idea.  Then I’ll use these two sounds [SOUNDS – ~3 sec – bell and buzzer] to indicate the bills’ status as January 27; the bell means the bill was still alive, the buzzer means it had already essentially failed.  Ready? No. 1: Senate Bill 1349 would create a new cabinet secretary for coastal protection and flooding adaptation. [SOUND – ~4 sec - bell]   The bill had passed two Senate committees. No. 2: House Bill 1859 would direct the Department of Environmental Quality to publish an inventory of sites that contain hazardous substances, but that are not listed on the federal National Priorities List, also known as the Superfund list. [SOUND – ~5 sec - bell then buzzer]  The bill was still alive in a House committee, but a sub-committee had recommended against it. No. 3: House Bill 1679 would authorize the Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy to require certain information about chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing for natural gas, otherwise known as “fracking,” and to disclose such information to state or local officials assisting the Department in emergency response. [SOUND – ~4 sec - bell]   The bill was still alive in a House committee. And No. 4: House Joint Resolution 677 would request the Department of Game and Inland Fisheries to study the current and potential impact on Virginia waters of two invasive, non-native species: Zebra Mussels and Quagga Mussels. [SOUND – ~4 sec - buzzer]  The bill failed in committee. Obviously, this short game can’t capture the scope of the General Assembly’s potential impact on a subject as complicated and important as water.  Any bill involves more information and details than you heard here.   The General Assembly’s Web site, virginiageneralassembly.gov, has tools to help you get the details and to express opinions to Assembly members.  But don’t wait too long: the 2017 session is scheduled to adjourn on February 25. Thanks to Soundbible.com for making the ticking clock sound available for public use. SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463.  Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close the show.   In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The voices at the beginning of the episode were members of the Virginia House of Delegates’ Agriculture, Chesapeake and Natural Resources Committee/Natural Resources Subcommittee, recorded by Virginia Water Radio at the subcommittee’s meeting in Richmond on January 18, 2017.  The members you heard introducing themselves were the following: Del. Richard C. Sullivan (D-48th House District), of Arlington; Del. Kenneth R. Plum (D-36th House District), of Reston; Del. Thom

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (3:33) Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, images, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 1-20-17. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of January 23, 2017. SOUND – ~ 2 sec This week, we feature another mystery sound.   Have a listen for about 20 seconds, and see if you can guess what’s making these calls.  And here’s a hint: what might you get if you combined fins with feathers in large, calling flocks? SOUNDS - ~19 sec If you guessed Fish Crows, you’re right!  The Fish Crow is one of four species of crows that live in North America, along with two species of ravens, similarly black-colored but larger birds that can be confused with crows. T wo species of crows are found in Virginia—the very common and well-known American Crow, and the slightly smaller Fish Crow.  Fish Crows look so much like American Crows, however, that the best way to distinguish them is the difference between each species’ basic call.  Have another listen for a few seconds to the Fish Crow’s basic two-note call, followed by the basic one-note call of the American Crow. SOUNDS – ~ 3 sec Historically, Fish Crows were primarily found near beaches, marshes, rivers, and other water bodies along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts.  But over the past few decades the species has expanded inland and into more northern areas, particularly near water and near human structures that offer food, such as fishing piers, garbage containers, and agricultural fields.  Like other crows, Fish Crows will eat many kinds of food, including crabs and other marine invertebrates, turtle eggs, bird eggs and nestlings, carrion, trash, fruit, grain, and anything they can steal from other birds, according to the Cornell University Lab of Ornithology.   Other generally crow-like behaviors shown by Fish Crows include making a variety of sounds; gathering in flocks of hundreds or thousands during non-breeding times to feed and roost; forming mobs to drive away hawks and other predators; and displaying remarkable curiosity about objects they find. Thanks to Lang Elliott for permission to use this week’s sounds, from the Stokes Field Guide to Bird Songs. SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463.  Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close the show.   In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The sounds of the Fish Crow and American Crow were taken from the Stokes Field Guide to Bird Songs-Eastern Region CD set, by Lang Elliott with Donald and Lillian Stokes (Time Warner Audio Books, copyright 1997), used with permission of Lang Elliott, whose work is available online at the “Music of Nature” Web site, http://www.musicofnature.org/. IMAGES Normal 0 false false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} Above: A Fish Crow with a broken wing being treated in November-December 2016 at the Wildlife Center of Virginia in Waynesboro (http://wildlifecenter.org/).  Photo used with permission of the Wildlife Center.  The story of this bird’s rehabilitation, “Fish Crow #16-2468,” is available online at http://wildlifecenter.org/critter-corner/

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (3:46) Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, an image, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 1-13-17. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of January 16, 2017. This week’s episode, marking seven years of the show, is dedicated to Virginia Water Radio co-founder Patrick Fay and his family, now in Greenville, N.C. MUSIC – ~ 14 sec This week, music from a Fredericksburg, Va., musician and instrument maker, reflects on two of life’s most valuable treasures: friendship and flowing water. Have a listen for about 50 seconds more. MUSIC - ~47 sec You’ve been listening to part of “Best Friends,” by Bob Gramann, with Laura Lengnick on fiddle, from the 2000 album “That Squirrel Song.” Since the early 1990s, Bob Gramann has been writing and performing songs that raise listeners’ awareness of human connections, natural resources, and the intersections between them. Virginia’s Rappahannock River basin is Mr. Gramann’s home watershed and the subject of much of his music. Like other rivers, the Rappahannock’s rich with history, nature, cultural significance, and—not least—metaphors for human lives: rising and falling, ebbing and flowing, never really still, and defined by connections. Thanks to Bob Gramann for permission to use this week’s music, and we close with about 30 more seconds of “Best Friends.” MUSIC - ~ 28 sec SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463. Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment. Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close the show. In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Best Friends,” from the 2000 album “That Squirrel Song,” is copyright by Bob Gramann, used with permission. More information about Bob Gramann is available online at http://www.bobgramann.com/. “Best Friends” was previously featured in Episode 121, 7-30-12; that episode has been archived. PHOTO A winter view of the Rappahannock River looking upstream near Remington, Va. (Culpeper County to the left, Fauquier County to the right), Dec. 27, 2009. SOURCES USED FOR AUDIO AND FOR MORE INFORMATION Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries: “Rappahannock River—Upper,” online at https://www.dgif.virginia.gov/waterbody/rappahannock-river-upper/; and “Rappahannock River—Tidal,” online at https://www.dgif.virginia.gov/waterbody/rappahannock-river-tidal/. RELATED VIRGINIA WATER RADIO EPISODES All Water Radio episodes are listed by category at the Index link above (http://www.virginiawaterradio.org/p/index.html). Previous episodes featuring music that uses water imagery for human connections and situations include the following: Episode 142, 12/31/12; Episode 194, 12/30/13; Episode 200, 2/10/14; Episode 296, 12/28/15. STANDARDS OF LEARNING (SOLs) FOR VIRGINIA TEACHERS The episode may help with Virginia 2013 Music SOLs at various grade levels that call for “examining the relationship of music to the other fine arts and other fields of knowledge.” The episode may also help with the following Virginia 2010 English SOLs: Reading Theme 8.5 (symbols and figurative language) 9.4 (imagery and other literary devices) 10.4 (imagery and other literary devices) 11.4 (imagery and figures of speech) This episode may also help with the following Virginia 2010 Science SOLs: Grades K-6 Earth Resources Theme 4.9 - Va. natural resources, including watersheds, water resources, and organisms. Grades K-6 Living Systems Theme 6.7 - natural processes and human interactions that affect watershed systems; Va. watersheds, water bodies, and wetlands; and water monitoring. Earth S

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (3:50) Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, an image, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 1-6-17. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of January 9, 2017. This week is our annual preview of the Virginia General Assembly.  We start with some music that dates back to the time when Virginia’s legislature first convened.  Have a listen for about 30 seconds. MUSIC – ~34 seconds You’ve been listening to part of “Sir John Smith, His Almayne,” performed by Timothy Seaman, from the 2006 album, “Jamestown—On the Edge of a Vast Continent,” from Pine Wind Music.  This tune—written NOT for Captain John Smith but for another Englishman with that name—was composed by John Dowland, a popular English musician during the early 1600s reign of King James I, for whom the English settlement on Jamestown Island was named. At a Jamestown church in 1619, 22 colonists gathered for the first meeting of the Virginia House of Burgesses, which along with the royal governor and his council formed the colony’s General Assembly.  2017 marks the 399th year of this annual Assembly.  Beginning this year on January 11, 100 members of the House of Delegates and 40 state senators will consider some two-to-three thousand bills and resolutions, along with amendments to the Commonwealth’s current biennial budget.  Water will be part of that agenda, just as it has been since Captain John Warde’s fishing success was a consideration in his being seated as one of the original burgesses.   Probably 100 to 200 bills will address aquatic environments, fisheries, water supplies, wastewater systems, or energy and land uses that affect water.  The session will move fast, and the decisions may have widespread and important consequences.  You can be part of Virginia’s 399-year tradition of representative government by following the General Assembly’s work and by contacting your delegate or senator about issues of concern. Thanks to Timothy Seaman for permission to use this week’s music, and we close with a few more seconds of the almayne for Sir John Smith. MUSIC - ~ 10 seconds SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463.  Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close the show.   In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Sir John Smith, His Almayne,” from the 2006 album “Jamestown: On the Edge of a Vast Continent,” is copyright by Timothy Seaman and Pine Wind Music, used with permission.  More information about Timothy Seaman is available online at http://timothyseaman.com/en/. According to Timothy Dickey (“John Dowland—Sir John Smith, his Almain, for Lute, P47,” AllMusic Web site, online at http://www.allmusic.com/composition/sir-john-smith-his-almain-for-lute-p-47-mc0002373007), an almayne, or almain, is a dance typically considered to be of German origin, or a tune for such a dance.  The “John Smith” in the title is not the Captain John Smith, famous for his role in the Jamestown settlement, but another Englishman with that fairly common name. IMAGE List of the first members of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1619.  Page vi. of the Journals of the House of Burgesses, 1619–1658/59, H. R. McIlwaine, ed., Virginia State Library, Richmond, 1915.  Image accessed at the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities’ Encyclopedia Virginia, “Primary Resource: Burgesses for the Assembly of 1619,” online at http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Burgesses_for_the_Assembly

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (3:56) Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, photos, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 12-30-16. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of January 2, 2017. MUSIC – ~ 8 sec This week, music composed especially for Virginia Water Radio focuses our attention on water as part of New Year’s celebrations.  Have a listen for about 25 more seconds. MUSIC - ~25 sec You’ve been listening to part of “New Year’s Water,” by Torrin Hallett, a student at Oberlin College and Conservatory in Oberlin, Ohio.  Mr. Hallett stated that the music aims to reflect water shimmering under a newly risen sun.  As the sun rises for the first time in 2017, water is part of many traditional New Year’s observances and celebrations around the world. Here are a few examples. From the New River in Giles County, Virginia, to the North Sea in the Netherlands, cold-water dives or plunges in January are used for symbolism, charitable fund-raising, and freezing fun.   In New York City, water taxis offer New Year’s Eve cruises for viewing the Big Apple’s skyline and fireworks display.  In Edmonton, Canada, the World Waterpark puts on a New Year’s Eve Family Beach Ball at what the park claims is the world’s largest indoor wave pool.  In California, the San Diego CoastKeeper offers 10 “clean water resolutions” for the New Year, such as trying a new water recreational activity or participating in beach clean-ups.  In Puerto Rico and certain Latin American countries, a New Year’s tradition is to throw water out of a window or over one’s shoulder, symbolizing throwing out the tears, bad luck, or debris of the previous year.  In some parts of India, celebration of the Hindu New Year, in March or April, involves a procession to a water body or other rituals recognizing life’s dependence on water.  And according to the tourism agency of Cambodia, in various parts of Asia New Year festivals taking place in April’s hot weather often involve “splashing water, soaked clothes, and much revelry.” Here’s to 2017, with all of its water celebrations and challenges. Thanks to Torrin Hallett for this week’s music, and we close with a few more seconds of “New Year’s Water.” MUSIC - ~ 12 sec SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463.  Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “New Year’s Water” is copyright 2016 by Torrin Hallett, used with permission.  In 2016-17, Torrin is a fourth-year student at Oberlin College and Conservatory in Oberlin, Ohio, majoring in horn performance, music composition, and math major.   More information about Torrin is available at his Web site, http://www.torrinjhallett.com/.  Thanks very much to Torrin for composing the piece especially for Virginia Water Radio. PHOTOS Several scenes of water and light on or near New Year’s Day.  Top two: Sunrise light on a temporary pool and on Toms Creek, both in Heritage Park in Blacksburg, Va., Dec. 30, 2016.  Next to bottom: Sunrise light on the New River in Giles County, Va., Jan. 1, 2014.  Bottom: Potomac River, looking downstream at Mt. Vernon, Jan. 10, 2005. SOURCES USED IN AUDIO AND FOR MORE INFORMATION City of Sydney, Australia, “Welcome to Sydney 2016,” online at http://www.sydneynewyearseve.com/boating/. Cuban Christmas Web site, “Traditional Cuban New Year’s Guide,” online at https://cuban-christmas.com/newyears.html. Den H

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (4:34) Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, an image, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 12-23-16. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of December 26, 2016. This week, we look back on 2016 with a medley of mystery sounds. Have a listen for about 60 seconds, and see if you can identify these sounds from the past year of Virginia Water Radio. SOUNDS - ~62 sec If you guessed all these, you’re a 2016 water wizard! The sounds were words for snow in French, Italian, and Spanish; a spectrometer used to measure greenhouse gases in soil; Passage Creek in Shenandoah County’s Fort Valley; the Ruddy Turnstone, a kind of shorebird; the Barking Treefrog; the names of several kinds of Chesapeake Bay submerged aquatic plants; dissolved gases bubbling up from the bottom of a pond; stormwater during an unusually heavy September rain; and waves at York River State Park. Thanks to Blacksburg friends for the snow words; to Lang Elliott for the Ruddy Turnstone sound; to Mr. Elliott and the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries for the Barking Treefrog sound; and to students at Achievable Dream High School in Newport News for the Chesapeake Bay plant names. I hope that during this past year, your ears were treated to sounds of clean, adequate water; healthy aquatic life; and safe water fun. We close out 2016 with a 60-sec sample of music heard on Virginia Water Radio this year, courtesy of The Steel Wheels, No Strings Attached, and Torrin Hallett. MUSIC - ~ 58 sec – Excerpts of “Rain in the Valley,” by The Steel Wheels; “Flying Cloud Reel,” by No Strings Attached; “Geese Piece,” by Torrin Hallett. SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463. Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment. Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close the show. In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The snow words were recorded on January 20, 2016, courtesy of several Blacksburg, Va., friends. These sounds were part of Episode 300, 1-25-16. The spectrometer for measuring greenhouse gases in soil samples was recorded on April 13, 2016, at the water-quality lab of Virginia Tech’s Biological Systems Engineering Department, courtesy of Tyler Weiglein. This sound was part of Episode 312, 4-18-16. Passage Creek in Fort Valley, in Shenandoah County, Va., was recorded on August 22, 2016. This sound was part of Episode 331, 8-29-16. The sound of the Ruddy Turnstone was taken from the Stokes Field Guide to Bird Songs-Eastern Region CD set, by Lang Elliott with Donald and Lillian Stokes (Time Warner Audio Books, copyright 1997), used with permission of Lang Elliott, whose work is available online at the “Music of Nature” Web site, http://www.musicofnature.org/. This sound was part of Episode 315, 5-9-16. The sound of the Barking Treefrog was taken from “The Calls of Virginia Frogs and Toads” CD, copyright 2008 by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries and Lang Elliott/NatureSoundStudio, used with permission. For more information on the CD, see https://www3.dgif.virginia.gov/estore/proddetail.asp?prod=VW252. This sound was part of Episode 319, 6-6-16. The names of Chesapeake Bay submerged aquatic vegetation, or “Bay grasses,” were recorded on July 13, 2016, at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg by visiting students from Achievable Dream High School in Newport News. More information about Achievable Dream schools in Newport News is available online at http://achievabledream.nn.k12.va.us/. These sounds were part of Episode 325, 7-18-16. The sound of gases bubbling

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (4:34) Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, an image, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 12-16-16. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of December 19, 2016. SOUNDS – ~ 8 sec - household faucet, pouring water, filling water bottle This week, household water sounds open our focus on a legislative commission tasked with studying the supply and allocation of water to Virginia’s households and other users.   Let’s drop in for about 60 seconds on this group’s most recent meeting. SOUNDS AND VOICE - ~63 sec You’ve been listening to an excerpt from the November 30, 2016, meeting of Virginia’s State Water Commission.  The speaker was Commission Chair Delegate Thomas Wright, Jr., of Lunenburg County.  The Commission consists of 13 members of the Virginia General Assembly, including the chairs of the House and Senate natural resources committees, plus two non-legislator citizens. As noted in the excerpt, the Virginia Code mandates the Commission to “study all aspects of water supply and allocation problems in the Commonwealth; coordinate legislative recommendations of state entities having water-supply and -allocation responsibilities; and report annually its findings and recommendations to the General Assembly and the Governor.”  In any given year, certain issues may receive particular attention; for example, in 2015, the Commission’s annual report included discussion of coal ash management; in 2006, desalinization; in 1995, the Lake Gaston water-supply pipeline; and in 1985, streamside conservation programs. At the November 2016 meeting, the Commission’s main focus was the eastern Virginia groundwater aspects of a study completed in October by the Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (or JLARC), which reviewed Virginia’s overall water resource management and planning.  The 2015 Virginia General Assembly called for the JLARC study, and if the 2017 Assembly considers any bills in response to that study, it’s a good bet that one or more State Water Commission members will play a significant role in those bills. Thanks to Stephen Schoenholtz for recording the November 30 Commission meeting, and we’ll let the Commission chair adjourn this episode. VOICE - ~ 15 sec SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463. Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment. Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close the show. In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Audio used in this episode was recorded by Stephen Schoenholtz at the Virginia State Water Commission meeting on November 30, 2016, at the Virginia General Assembly Building in Richmond. IMAGE Screenshot of the cover of the Virginia Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission’s October 2016 report on water planning and management. Image accessed online at http://jlarc.virginia.gov/landing-water.asp, 12/19/16. EXTRA FACTS ABOUT THE VIRGINIA STATE WATER COMMISSION According to the Virginia Code, starting at Section 30-186, “Chapter 24: State Water Commission,” online at http://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title30/chapter24/, the Commission has the following powers and duties: “1. Study all aspects of water supply and allocation problems in the Commonwealth, whether these problems are of a quantitative or qualitative nature. “2. Coordinate the legislative recommendations of all other state entities having responsibilities with respect to water supply and allocation issues. 3. Report annually its findings and recommendations to the General Assembly and the Governor.

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (4:22) Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, an image, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 12-9-16. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of December 12, 2016. SOUNDS – ~ 6 sec This week, those sounds from Virginia’s York River State Park open our episode about a center of native American civilization that existed along the York for hundreds of years before Virginia’s first English settlement at Jamestown. Have a listen for about 40 seconds to some more sounds from the river, accompanied by music inspired by that center of civilization, and see if you can guess the complicated name for the place. SOUNDS and MUSIC - ~39 sec If you guessed Werowocomoco, you’re right! The site beside the York River’s Purtan Bay in Gloucester County was the center of the Powhatan Chiefdom of Algonquian Indians for centuries prior to European settlement. The music you heard is called “In Powhatan’s Realm,” by Timothy Seaman of Williamsburg, who used flutes, drums, and a rattle to create a musical image of Werowocomoco. At one time, that realm, called Tsenacomacoh by the Algonquians, covered much of the area between the James and Potomac Rivers and was home to some 30 native tribes with thousands of people collectively. At the heart of it was Werowocomoco, “the place of kings” in Algonquian language, described by archaeologist Martin Gallivan, of the College of William and Mary, as the Powhatan Chiefdom’s “Vatican, Washington, and New York City all combined in one place.” On November 30, 2016, the National Park Service publicly announced its purchase of 264 acres of the site; it will eventually become part of the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail, which follows Smith’s exploration of the Chesapeake and its tributary rivers in 1607 and 1609. Among the most well-known of the events of Smith’s exploration in 1607 is his report of being saved from death by the intervention of Pocahontas, the daughter of Chief Powhatan. There’s continuing debate over this legend, but, according to William and Mary’s Martin Gallivan, whatever actually happened took place at Werowocomoco, and so did many other events of significance to the history of Virginia. Thanks to Timothy Seaman for recording this week’s sounds and for permission to use this week’s music. We close with a few more seconds of “In Powhatan’s Realm.” MUSIC – ~14 sec SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463. Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment. Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close the show. In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “In Powhatan’s Realm,” on the 2006 album “Jamestown: On the Edge of a Vast Continent,” is copyright by Timothy Seaman and Pine Wind Music, used with permission. More information about Mr. Seaman’s music is available online http://timothyseaman.com/. The sounds from York River State Park were recorded by Timothy Seaman at Croaker Landing on December 5, 2016. IMAGE Captain John Smith's 1612 map showing towns in the Powhatan Chiefdom.  Red underlining added to show Jamestown and Werowocomoco.  Image acquired from the National Park Service, “Historic Jamestowne/Pocahontas: Her Life and Legend,” online at https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/pocahontas-her-life-and-legend.htm. EXTRA FACTS ABOUT WEROWOCOMOCO From the National Park Service, “Werowocomoco Planning,” online at https://www.nps.gov/cajo/getinvolved/werowocomoco-planning.htm, as of 12/12/16: “Werowocomoco is the location of the leader Powhatan's headquarters during the

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (4:59) Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, images, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 12-2-16. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of December 5, 2016. VOICE AND MUSIC – ~ 11 sec This week, that excerpt from a video created by Sgt. David Erskine of the South Carolina National Guard, opens our review of the 2016 Atlantic tropical storm season, which officially ended on November 30. The season in the Atlantic basin—including the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico—officially begins June 1, but this year’s first storm formed in mid-January. Hurricane Matthew in late September and early October was the most powerful and destructive of this season’s 15 named Atlantic storms. It devastated Haiti, struck Cuba and the Bahamas, and then brought storm surge, strong winds, heavy rain, and flooding to the U.S. East Coast. Damage in Virginia led to federal disaster assistance in seven southeastern cities and two southeastern counties. For some insight into the kinds of responses a destructive hurricane can require, let’s have a listen for about 90 seconds to two people involved in responding to Matthew: first, a North Carolina National Guard member; and second, U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral Dan Abel, Director of Operations for the Southern Command. GUEST VOICES - ~87 sec Sgt. Daren Deese, NC National Guard member: “I’m Sgt. First Class Deese, Daren Deese, I’m from Pembroke, N.C., right here in Robinson County. Once the storm came through, Robinson County got hit pretty hard with flooding in the area. ...After being in the Guard 15 years, yesterday was the first time I took a convoy of seven vehicles to the high school I graduated from, with 720 cots, blankets, toddler supplies, diapers, wipes. And when I pulled up...I could see the glow on the faces of people I knew personally, on a personal level....” U.S. Coast Guard Rear Admiral Dan Abel, Director of Operations for the Southern Command: “We always have Joint Task Force Bravo, which has some phenomenal aviation heavy capabilities, in Honduras. Also during the hurricane season, we have Special Purpose MGTF, the Marines—again, heavy aviation—that’s also deployed. And having those tools ready, already sources to us and in theater, was critical to making this [the response to Hurricane Matthew in the Caribbean] happen. ...The other thing we really had going for us is the Navy, [which] had to dispatch/sortie their vessels anyway out of Norfolk, made the decision...to embark on those ships emergency-response forces, assets, stores, aircraft. So they didn’t just put to sea for hurricane avoidance, they put to sea prepared to join in any response that may be there. And, boy, did we put them to use as well. The response from the sea was huge.” END GUEST VOICES As destructive as Matthew was, it—of course—wasn’t the whole story of the 2016 Atlantic season. The 15 named storms included seven hurricanes and three major hurricanes, that is, Category 3 or above, a bit above the average annual numbers from 1981 to 2010. Five named storms made landfall in the United States, the most since six occurred in 2008. And the “accumulated cyclone energy” for 2016—combining strength and duration of storms—was about 40 percent above the 1981-2010 average, largely due to three relatively strong and long-lived storms: major hurricanes Matthew, Gaston, and Nicole. Thanks to the Defense Video and Imagery Distribution System for making this week’s sounds available for public use. And we close with a few more seconds of music from Sgt. Erskine’s Hurricane Matthew video. MUSIC - ~9 sec SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463. Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College o