Happiness and and being content matters a lot. Especially in our times. History reading can at times have a calming effect. I personally found reading history very relaxing during my school days. And when I came across different nations, I often wondered how it would have been for the people there. How would they have seen or judged our present? Does it really matter? If Yes, then to what extent?

I woke up late today. The thoughts and memories of some of my friends engulfed my mind. So I wrote an email to one and sent messages to few others. I dedicate this episode to my friends*, the people I have had the fortune and honour of coming across in my life. They have been my most patient teachers.

~Jyoti Ranjan Pradhan

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The Battle of Hydaspes took place on the southern banks of Jhelum river. The Greek world knew this river by the name of Hydaspes, hence the name of the battle.

In an earlier episode of the Ancient India series, the podcaster had erroneously mentioned that this battle took place on the banks of Ravi river. This is incorrect. In its stead the river mentioned should have been Jhelum. The mistake is regretted.

The later Vedic period saw the consolidation of Janas to Janapadas that had territory and the formation of Rashtra. We see iron being used and thus Vedic Civilisation/Culture was an Iron Age.

The role of agriculture in the lives of the peolple increased and with surplus wealth and resources we see the rise of different professions and an yearning for knowledge, philosophy and sciences.

The people now moved East and discovered many other tribes and groups and also more sources of Iron.

Rise of the Rig Vedic people and formation of early polity with Janas(tribes) in the Sapta-Sindhu region of Ancient India from 1500 BC to 1000 BC

After the Indus valley Civilisation came to an end or disappeared slowly or morphed into something else, who/what were the cultures that were still thriving in India?

These chalcolithic and iron age cultures appear to have coexisted with the IVC-Harappans and the Vedic Civilisation that would follow.

Indus Valley Civilisation and its inhabitants have left us many artefacts that tell us about them. These include bronze statues of the Dancing Girl and a Bull. Thus, giving it the title of a Bronze Age Civilisation. From the other remains we know what they grew, ate and wore. What kind of animals did they domesticate?

They used pots and exported many items to Central Asia and Middle East. They used boats and ships. But did they use horses for inland movement?

In this episode we discuss the major other Harappan sites: Harappa, Rakhigarhi, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dholavira, Ganweriwala

Men are increasingly losing their monopoly in one of the last bastions that were a preserve of men: land based warfare.

While historically we have seen many great women warriors, a majority of the enlisted have usually been men. Would this change and how would men react to it?

We have started a new podcast on Indian Constitution and Polity. It would later cover important aspects of Indian Politics once we are done with the Constitution. After that we would focus on political science, there.

This podcast would remain dedicated to World History and it is being made.

On Spotify https://open.spotify.com/show/3Y1UolyAPURcTsrqyekKQD

On Anchor anchor.fm/Rashtra

The History of Ancient India from Paleolithic Age to the beginnings of Indian Valley Civilisation. Indus Valley Civilisation was a Bronze Age Civilisation and the third oldest known civilisation after Mesopotamian Civilisation and Ancient Egyptian Civilisation.

It has been referred to as a Chalcolithic civilisation owing to the large number of copper artefacts found in this civilisation.