A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church.
• Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed Augusta is able to choose her successor for the Byzantine throne, after Zeno (late emperor) dies of dysentery.
• The Battle of Dun Nechtain is fought between a Pictish army under King Bridei III and the invading Northumbrians under King Ecgfrith, who are decisively defeated.
• While visiting the royal Mercian court at Sutton Walls with a view to marrying princess Ælfthryth, King Æthelberht II of East Anglia is taken captive and beheaded.
• The Second Battle of Lincoln is fought near Lincoln, England, resulting in the defeat of Prince Louis of France by William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke.
• King Sancho IV of Castile creates the Estudio de Escuelas de Generales in Alcalá de Henares.
• The Battle of Alfarrobeira is fought, establishing the House of Braganza as a principal royal family of Portugal.
• John Cabot sets sail from Bristol, England, on his ship Matthew looking for a route to the west (other documents give a May 2 date).
• Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovers the sea route to India when he arrives at Kozhikode (previously known as Calicut), India.
• Hernando Cortes defeats Panfilo de Narvaez, sent by Spain to punish him for insubordination.
• Ignatius of Loyola is seriously wounded in the Battle of Pampeluna.

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• Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
• John II of Castile defeats the Infantes of Aragon at the First Battle of Olmedo.
• French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona's two sons (whom Cartier had kidnapped during his first voyage).
• Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII of England, is beheaded for adultery, treason, and incest.
• Thirty Years' War: French forces under the duc d'Enghien decisively defeat Spanish forces at the Battle of Rocroi, marking the symbolic end of Spain as a dominant land power.
• An Act of Parliament declaring England a Commonwealth is passed by the Long Parliament. England would be a republic for the next eleven years.
• The Invasion of Jamaica begins during the Anglo-Spanish War.

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• Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople.
• Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 47. His first coronation was 28 years earlier, in 844, during the reign of his father Lothair I.
• First Crusade: Around 800 Jews are massacred in Worms, Germany.
• The future Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. He would become king two years later, after the death of his cousin once removed King Stephen of England.
• The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Siege of Antioch.
• Fall of Acre, the end of Crusader presence in the Holy Land.
• Bruges Matins, the nocturnal massacre of the French garrison in Bruges by members of the local Flemish militia.
• During the Battle of Buyur Lake, General Lan Yu leads a Ming army forward to crush the Mongol hordes of Tögüs Temür, the Khan of Northern Yuan.
• Alonso de Ojeda sets sail from Cádiz on his voyage to what is now Venezuela.
• The Great Siege of Malta begins, in which Ottoman forces attempt and fail to conquer Malta.
• Playwright Thomas Kyd's accusations of heresy lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe.
• In Dorchester, Massachusetts, John Winthrop takes the oath of office and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts.
• The 1695 Linfen earthquake in Shannxi, Ming dynasty causes extreme damage and kills at least 52,000 people.
• The Seven Years' War begins when Great Britain declares war on France.

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• Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.
• Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
• Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore Florida with 600 men - by 1536 only 4 survive.
• George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford and four other men are executed for treason.
• Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn's marriage is annulled.
• Anne of Denmark is crowned Queen of Scotland.
• Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve (1612-1676) founds the Ville Marie de Montréal.
• Emperor Ferdinand III defeats Maximilian I of Bavaria in the Battle of Zusmarshausen.
• Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette begin exploring the Mississippi River.
• Seven Years' War formally begins when Great Britain declares war on France
• French forces besieging Quebec retreat after the Royal Navy arrives to relieve the British garrison.
• The New York Stock Exchange is formed under the Buttonwood Agreement.
• Muhammad Ali becomes Wāli of Egypt.
• Emperor Napoleon I orders the annexation of the Papal States to the French Empire.

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• Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan.
• Having been elected on May 9, Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
• Gov. Thado of Mohnyin becomes king of Ava.
• The Florentines drive out the Medici for a second time and Florence re-establishes itself as a republic.
• Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, flees to England.
• Santiago de Vera becomes sixth Governor-General of the Spanish colony of the Philippines.
• The Battle of Vasai concludes as the Marathas defeat the Portuguese army.
• The 14-year-old Marie Antoinette marries 15-year-old Louis-Auguste, who later becomes king of France.
• The Battle of Alamance, a pre-American Revolutionary War battle between local militia and a group of rebels called The "Regulators", occurs in present-day Alamance County, North Carolina.
• Peninsular War: The allies Spain, Portugal and United Kingdom, defeat the French at the Battle of Albuera.
• Imperial Russia signs the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the Russo-Turkish War. The Ottoman Empire cedes Bessarabia to Russia.

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• Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
• Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbogast. He is found hanging in his residence at Vienne.
• King Authari marries Theodelinda, daughter of the Bavarian duke Garibald I. A Catholic, she has great influence among the Lombard nobility.
• Abd al-Rahman I, the founder of the Arab dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries, becomes emir of Cordova, Spain.
• Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull ad extirpanda, which authorizes, but also limits, the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition.
• Insurgent peasants led by Anabaptist pastor Thomas Müntzer were defeated at the Battle of Frankenhausen, ending the German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire.
• Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, stands trial in London on charges of treason, adultery and incest; she is condemned to death by a specially-selected jury.
• Cape Cod sighted by English navigator Bartholomew Gosnold.
• Johannes Kepler confirms his previously rejected discovery of the third law of planetary motion (he first discovered it on March 8 but soon rejected the idea after some initial calculations were made).
• The Peace of Münster is ratified, by which Spain acknowledges Dutch sovereignty.
• Opening of the first private mental health hospital in the United States, the Asylum for the Relief of Persons Deprived of the Use of Their Reason (now Friends Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

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• Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
• The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
• Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forced to sign the Mise of Lewes, making Simon de Montfort the effective ruler of England.
• Battle of Agnadello: In northern Italy, French forces defeat the Republic of Venice.
• English colonists establish "James Fort," which would become Jamestown, Virginia, the earliest permanent English settlement in the Americas.
• The Protestant Union, a coalition of Protestant German states, is founded to defend the rights, land and safety of each member against the Catholic Church and Catholic German states.
• Henry IV of France is assassinated by Catholic zealot François Ravaillac, and Louis XIII ascends the throne.
• Four-year-old Louis XIV becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Louis XIII.
• War of the Austrian Succession: A British fleet under Admiral George Anson defeats the French at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre.
• Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox inoculation.
• The 6th United States Congress recesses, and the process of moving the Federal government of the United States from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C., begins the following day.
• William Clark and 42 men depart from Camp Dubois to join Meriwether Lewis at St Charles, Missouri, marking the beginning of the Lewis & Clark Expedition's historic journey up the Missouri River.

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• Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book Revelations of Divine Love.
• Amerigo Vespucci, this time under Portuguese flag, set sail for western lands.
• Mary Queen of Scots is defeated at Battle of Langside, part of Civil war between Queen Mary and Regent Moray.
• Famous sword duel between Miyamoto Musashi and Sasaki Kojiro on the shores of Ganryū Island. Kojiro dies at the end.
• Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after being convicted of treason.
• Venetian fleet under Admiral Cort Adeler beats Turkish.
• War of the Bavarian Succession: Russian and French mediators at the Congress of Teschen negotiate an end to the war. In the agreement Austria receives the part of its territory that was taken from it (the Innviertel).
• The Cumberland Compact is signed by leaders of the settlers in the Cumberland River area of what would become the U.S. state of Tennessee, providing for democratic government and a formal system of justice.
• Forces sent by Yusuf Karamanli of Tripoli to retake Derna from the Americans attack the city.
• Ecuador gains its independence from Gran Colombia.
• Mexican-American War: The United States declares war on the Federal Republic of Mexico following a dispute over the American annexation of the Republic of Texas and a Mexican military incursion.
• American Civil War: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom issues a "proclamation of neutrality" which recognizes the Confederacy as having belligerent rights.

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• Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd pope of the Catholic Church, and immediately takes a stand against Novatianism.
• Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the Tang dynasty after nearly three hundred years of rule.
• Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre in Cyprus; she is crowned Queen consort of England the same day.
• Jagiellonian University, the oldest university in Poland, is founded in Kraków.
• Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.
• The Prince of Anhua rebellion begins when Zhu Zhifan kills all the officials invited to a banquet and declares his intent on ousting the powerful Ming dynasty eunuch Liu Jin during the reign of the Zhengde Emperor.
• National University of San Marcos, the oldest university in the Americas, is founded in Lima, Peru.
• French Wars of Religion: Henry III of France flees Paris after Henry I, Duke of Guise, enters the city and a spontaneous uprising occurs.
• London playwright Thomas Kyd is arrested and tortured by the Privy Council for libel.
• Maria Theresa of Austria is crowned Queen of Bohemia after defeating her rival, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor.
• Heinrich XI, count of the Principality of Reuss-Greiz, is elevated to Prince by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor.
• American Revolutionary War: In the largest defeat of the Continental Army, Charleston, South Carolina is taken by British forces.

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• Constantinople is consecrated.
• A copy of the Diamond Sutra is printed in China, making it the oldest known dated printed book.
• War of the Austrian Succession: French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army.
• Robert Gray commands the first expedition to sail into the Columbia River.
• Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons.
• William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth discover a route across the Blue Mountains, opening up inland Australia to settlement.
• President James K. Polk asked for a Declaration of War against Mexico, starting the Mexican-American War.
• Indian Rebellion of 1857: Indian rebels seize Delhi from the British.

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