• Battle of the Frigidus: Roman emperor Theodosius I defeats and kills Eugenius the usurper. His Frankish magister militum Arbogast escapes but commits suicide two days later.
• Christopher Columbus sails from La Gomera in the Canary Islands, his final port of call before crossing the Atlantic Ocean for the first time.
• The Victoria returns to Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain, the only surviving ship of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition and the first known ship to circumnavigate the world.
• The Pilgrims sail from Plymouth, England on the Mayflower to settle in North America. (Old Style date; September 16 per New Style date.)
• Thirty Years' War: In the Battle of Nördlingen, the Catholic Imperial army defeats Swedish and German Protestant forces.
• England's Long Parliament bans public stage-plays.
• British scientist John Dalton begins using symbols to represent the atoms of different elements.
• American Civil War: Confederate forces evacuate Battery Wagner and Morris Island in South Carolina.
• Louisa Ann Swain of Laramie, Wyoming becomes the first woman in the United States to cast a vote legally after 1807.
• Eastern Rumelia declares its union with Bulgaria, thus accomplishing Bulgarian unification.

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• Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu.
• Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava
• Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry IV of France to lift the siege of Paris.
• A hurricane has overrun a Spanish fleet bound from Havana to Cadiz and sunk the price galleon Atocha. Only 5 men were rescued, but 260 passengers and 200 million pessos were buried with the Atocha under 50 feet of water.
• Fall of Nicolas Fouquet: Louis XIV's Superintendent of Finances is arrested in Nantes by D'Artagnan, captain of the king's musketeers.
• Great Fire of London ends: Ten thousand buildings, including Old St Paul's Cathedral, are destroyed, but only six people are known to have died.
• War of the Grand Alliance : A French warship commanded by Captain Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville defeated an English squadron at the Battle of Hudson's Bay.
• In an effort to Westernize his nobility, Tsar Peter I of Russia imposes a tax on beards for all men except the clergy and peasantry.
• Wedding of Louis XV and Maria Leszczyńska.
• First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia.
• Battle of the Chesapeake in the American Revolutionary War: The British Navy is repelled by the French Navy, contributing to the British surrender at Yorktown.
• French Revolution: The French National Convention initiates the Reign of Terror.
• Conscription is made mandatory in France by the Jourdan law.
• War of 1812: The Siege of Fort Wayne begins when Chief Winamac's forces attack two soldiers returning from the fort's outhouses.

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• Romulus Augustulus is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "King of Italy", thus ending the Western Roman Empire.
• Li Shimin, posthumously known as Emperor Taizong of Tang, assumes the throne over the Tang dynasty of China.
• Battle of Lenzen: Slavic forces (the Redarii and the Obotrites) are defeated by a Saxon army near the fortified stronghold of Lenzen in Brandenburg.
• The Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of Manfred, King of Sicily, defeat the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti.
• Peter III of Aragon becomes the King of Sicily.
• The Treaty of Alcáçovas is signed by the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon on one side and Afonso V and his son, Prince John of Portugal.
• The Flight of the Earls takes place in Ireland.
• In London, England, the most destructive damage from the Great Fire occurs.
• New Caledonia is first sighted by Europeans, during the second voyage of Captain James Cook.
• Los Angeles is founded as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora La Reina de los Ángeles (The Village of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels) by 44 Spanish settlers.
• Coup of 18 Fructidor in France.
• The French garrison in Valletta surrenders to British troops who had been called at the invitation of the Maltese. The islands of Malta and Gozo become the Malta Protectorate.

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• San Marino, one of the smallest nations in the world and the world's oldest republic still in existence, is founded by Saint Marinus.
• King Wamba of the Visigoths puts down a revolt by Hilderic, governor of Nîmes (France) and rival for the throne.
• Major Byzantine victory at the Battle of Lalakaon against an Arab raid.
• Richard I of England (a.k.a. Richard "the Lionheart") is crowned at Westminster.
• The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.
• At the congress of Visegrád Charles I of Hungary mediates a reconciliation between two neighboring monarchs, John of Bohemia and Casimir III of Poland.
• The Treaty of Selymbria is concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.
• Victory over the royalists in the Battle of Dunbar opens the way to Edinburgh for the New Model Army in the Third English Civil War.
• The Battle of Worcester is the last significant action in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
• The death of Oliver Cromwell; Richard Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England.

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• The Treaty of Jaffa is signed between Richard I of England and Saladin, leading to the end of the Third Crusade.
• Entry of Mary, Queen of Scots into Edinburgh, a spectacular civic celebration for the Queen of Scotland, marred by religious controversy.
• The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.
• The Great Fire of London breaks out and burns for three days, destroying 10,000 buildings, including Old St Paul's Cathedral.
• Great Britain, along with its overseas possessions, adopts the Gregorian calendar.
• The United States Department of the Treasury is founded.
• During what became known as the September Massacres of the French Revolution, rampaging mobs slaughter three Roman Catholic bishops, more than two hundred priests, and prisoners believed to be royalist sympathizers.
• A massive landslide destroys the town of Goldau, Switzerland, killing 457.
• Napoleonic Wars: The British Royal Navy bombards Copenhagen with fire bombs and phosphorus rockets to prevent Denmark from surrendering its fleet to Napoleon.
• The Carrington Event is the strongest geomagnetic storm on record.
• American Civil War: United States President Abraham Lincoln reluctantly restores Union General George B. McClellan to full command after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run.
• American Civil War: Union forces enter Atlanta, a day after the Confederate defenders flee the city, ending the Atlanta Campaign.

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• The main altar of Lund Cathedral, at the time seat of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, is consecrated.
• The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of Ancona by the forces of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
• King Tvrtko I of Bosnia writes In castro nostro Vizoka vocatum from the Old town of Visoki.
• The Spanish fort of Sancti Spiritu, the first one built in modern Argentina, is destroyed by natives.
• Lady Anne Boleyn is made Marquess of Pembroke by her fiancé, King Henry VIII of England.
• Adi Granth, now known as Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhs, is first installed at Harmandir Sahib.
• Battle of Tippermuir: James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose defeats the Earl of Wemyss's Covenanters, reviving the Royalist cause.
• At the age of five, Louis XV becomes king of France in succession to his great-grandfather, King Louis XIV.

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• After a sudden illness a few days previously, Byzantine Empress Theodora dies childless, thus ending the Macedonian dynasty.
• Abdication of Byzantine Emperor Michael VI Bringas after just one year.
• Al-Kamil becomes sultan of the Ayyubid dynasty.
• King Haakon V of Norway moves the capital from Bergen to Oslo.
• King Henry V of England dies of dysentery while in France. His son, Henry VI becomes King of England at the age of nine months.
• William Livingston, the first Governor of New Jersey, begins serving his first term.
• War of the First Coalition: The British capture Trincomalee (present-day Sri Lanka) from the Dutch in order to keep it out of French hands.
• Irish Rebellion: Irish rebels, with French assistance, establish the short-lived Republic of Connacht.
• Peninsular War: Spanish troops repel a French attack in the Battle of San Marcial.
• During the American Civil War, Union forces led by General William T. Sherman launch an assault on Atlanta.
• Ottoman Sultan Murad V is deposed and succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid II.

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• Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple.
• Peter III of Aragon lands at Trapani to intervene in the War of the Sicilian Vespers.
• The five-week Battle of Lake Poyang begins, in which the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders (Chen Youliang and Zhu Yuanzhang) meet to decide who will supplant the Yuan dynasty.
• Pope Paul II succeeds Pope Pius II as the 211th pope.
• Guru Ram Das becomes the Fourth Sikh Guru/Master.
• King James of Scotland holds a masque at the baptism of Prince Henry.
• The Great Northern War between Sweden and Russia ends in the Treaty of Nystad.
• Anne, eldest daughter of King George II of Great Britain, is given the title Princess Royal.
• Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf: Russian force under Field Marshal Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin beats a smaller Prussian force commanded by Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt, during the Seven Years' War.
• HMS Pandora sinks after having run aground on the outer Great Barrier Reef the previous day.
• The entire Dutch fleet is captured by British forces under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell during the War of the Second Coalition.
• Gabriel Prosser postpones a planned slave rebellion in Richmond, Virginia, but is arrested before he can make it happen.
• First Battle of Kulm: French forces are defeated by an Austrian-Prussian-Russian alliance.

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• The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine Malta.
• Mainz Cathedral suffers extensive damage from a fire, which destroys the building on the day of its inauguration.
• Pope Urban IV succeeds Pope Alexander IV, becoming the 182nd pope.
• Battle of Montecatini: The army of the Republic of Pisa, commanded by Uguccione della Faggiuola, wins a decisive victory against the joint forces of the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Florence despite being outnumbered.
• Battle of Winchelsea (or Les Espagnols sur Mer): The English naval fleet under King Edward III defeats a Castilian fleet of 40 ships.
• The Treaty of Picquigny ends a brief war between the kingdoms of France and England.
• Pope Innocent VIII succeeds Pope Sixtus IV.
• Vasco da Gama decides to depart Calicut and return to Kingdom of Portugal.
• The Ottoman Turks capture Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade).
• Battle of Mohács: The Ottoman Turks led by Suleiman the Magnificent defeat and kill the last Jagiellonian king of Hungary and Bohemia.
• The Ottoman Turks capture Buda, the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom.
• The city of Nuuk in Greenland is founded as the fort of Godt-Haab by the royal governor Claus Paarss.

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• The Roman general Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his capital city, Ravenna.
• Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, defeats Odoacer at the Battle of Isonzo, forcing his way into Italy.
• Fatimah, daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, dies, with her cause of death being a controversial topic among the Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims.
• Silla-Tang armies crush the Baekje restoration attempt and force Yamato Japan to withdraw from Korea in the Battle of Baekgang.
• Ottoman wars in Europe: The Ottoman Turks occupy Belgrade.
• The Kaqchikel Maya rebel against their former Spanish allies during the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.
• Turkish-Portuguese War: Battle of Wofla: The Portuguese are scattered, their leader Christovão da Gama is captured and later executed.
• Pedro Menéndez de Avilés sights land near St. Augustine, Florida and founds the oldest continuously occupied European-established city in the continental United States.
• Henry Hudson discovers Delaware Bay.
• Election of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.
• Second Bishop's War: King Charles I's English army loses to a Scottish Covenanter force at the Battle of Newburn.
• Second English Civil War: The Siege of Colchester ends when Royalists Forces surrender to the Parliamentary Forces after eleven weeks, during the Second English Civil War.
• Meidingnu Pamheiba is crowned King of Manipur.
• William Herschel discovers a new moon of Saturn: Enceladus.

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