A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome.
• Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat Kievan Rus' and Cumans.
• King Henry III lays the first stone of the Pont Neuf (New Bridge), the oldest bridge of Paris, France.
• Citing poor eyesight as a reason, Samuel Pepys records the last event in his diary.
• American Revolution: The Mecklenburg Resolves are adopted in the Province of North Carolina.
• Manuel Quimper explores the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
• The United States enacts its first copyright statute, the Copyright Act of 1790.
• French Revolution: The Revolutionary Tribunal is suppressed.
• French and Spanish forces begin the assault against British forces occupying Diamond Rock, Martinique.
• In Australia, William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth reach Mount Blaxland, effectively marking the end of a route across the Blue Mountains.
• The clock tower at the Houses of Parliament, which houses Big Ben, starts keeping time.
• American Civil War: Peninsula Campaign: Confederate forces under Joseph E. Johnston and G.W. Smith engage Union forces under George B. McClellan outside the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.
• American Civil War: Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor: The Army of Northern Virginia engages the Army of the Potomac.

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• Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans build a circumvallation, cutting down all trees within fifteen kilometres.
• Beginning of the Peasants' Revolt in England.
• The Council of Constance, called by Emperor Sigismund, a supporter of Antipope John XXIII, burns Jerome of Prague following a trial for heresy.
• Hundred Years' War: In Rouen, France, the 19-year-old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake by an English-dominated tribunal. The Roman Catholic Church remembers this day as the celebration of Saint Joan of Arc.
• Hussite Wars: Battle of Lipany: Effectively ending the war, Utraquist forces led by Diviš Bořek of Miletínek defeat and almost annihilate Taborite forces led by Prokop the Great.
• During the reign of the Zhengde Emperor, Ming dynasty rebel leader Zhu Zhifan is defeated by commander Qiu Yue, ending the Prince of Anhua rebellion.
• King Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour, a lady-in-waiting to his first two wives.
• In Florida, Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay with 600 soldiers with the goal of finding gold.
• Henry III becomes King of France.
• The last ship of the Spanish Armada sets sail from Lisbon heading for the English Channel.
• Publication of Gazette de France, the first French newspaper.
• Thirty Years' War: The Peace of Prague is signed.
• From this date all honors granted by Charles I of England are retroactively annulled by Parliament.
• Future U.S. President Andrew Jackson kills Charles Dickinson in a duel.
• The First Treaty of Paris is signed, returning the French frontiers to their 1792 extent, and restoring the House of Bourbon to power.

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• The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
• Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under the command of Tamim ibn Yusuf defeat a Castile and León alliance under the command of Prince Sancho Alfónsez.
• Battle of Monte Porzio: A Roman army supporting Pope Alexander III is defeated by Christian of Buch and Rainald of Dassel.
• Battle of Legnano: The Lombard League defeats Emperor Frederick I.
• Mongol-Jin War: The Mongols entered Kaifeng after a successful siege and began looting in the fallen capital of the Jin dynasty.
• Philip VI is crowned King of France.
• Fall of Constantinople: Ottoman armies under Sultan Mehmed II Fatih capture Constantinople after a 53-day siege, ending the Byzantine Empire.
• Battle of Samugarh: decisive battle in the struggle for the throne during the Mughal war of succession (1658-1659).
• English Restoration: Charles II is restored to the throne of England, Scotland and Ireland.
• The right of settlers in New France to enslave natives is upheld at Quebec City.
• American Revolutionary War: At the Battle of Waxhaws, the British continue attacking after the Continentals lay down their arms, killing 113 and critically wounding all but 53 that remained.

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• Battle of Hulao: Li Shimin, the son of the Chinese emperor Gaozu, defeats the numerically superior forces of Dou Jiande near the Hulao Pass (Henan). This victory decides the outcome of the civil war that followed the Sui dynasty's collapse in favour of the Tang dynasty.
• The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, declares the marriage of King Henry VIII of England to Anne Boleyn valid.
• The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal, heading for the English Channel. (It will take until May 30 for all ships to leave port.)
• English Civil War: Bolton Massacre by Royalist troops under the command of James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby.
• French and Indian War: In the first engagement of the war, Virginia militia under the 22-year-old Lieutenant colonel George Washington defeat a French reconnaissance party in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in what is now Fayette County in southwestern Pennsylvania.
• In Guadeloupe, 400 rebellious slaves, led by Louis Delgrès, blow themselves up rather than submit to Napoleon's troops.
• U.S. President Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act which denies Native Americans their land rights and forcibly relocates them.
• The Paris Commune falls after two months.
• In San Francisco, John Muir organizes the Sierra Club.
• Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of Tsushima ends with the destruction of the Russian Baltic Fleet by Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō and the Imperial Japanese Navy.
• The first Isle of Man TT race is held.
• The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia declare their independence.
• The 28 May 1926 coup d'état: Ditadura Nacional is established in Portugal to suppress the unrest of the First Republic.
• In the Netherlands, construction of the Afsluitdijk is completed and the Zuiderzee bay is converted to the freshwater IJsselmeer.

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• Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
• Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
• Malcolm IV becomes King of Scotland.
• John is crowned King of England.
• Richard of Cornwall, and his wife, Sanchia of Provence, are crowned King and Queen of the Germans at Aachen Cathedral.
• Manchu regent Dorgon defeats rebel leader Li Zicheng of the Shun dynasty at the Battle of Shanhai Pass, allowing the Manchus to enter and conquer the capital city of Beijing.
• Tsar Peter the Great founds the city of Saint Petersburg.
• The Battle of Oulart Hill takes place in Wexford, Ireland; Irish rebel leaders defeat and kill a detachment of militia.
• War of the Second Coalition: Austrian forces defeat the French at Winterthur, Switzerland.
• War of 1812: In Canada, American forces capture Fort George.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi begins his attack on Palermo, Sicily, as part of the Italian unification.

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• Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe.
• Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire takes place. The Sasanids defeat the Armenians militarily but guarantee them freedom to openly practice Christianity.
• King Edmund I of England is murdered by a thief whom he personally attacks while celebrating St Augustine's Mass Day.
• King Otto I elects his six-year-old son Otto II as heir apparent and co-ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom. He is crowned at Aachen, and placed under the tutelage of his grandmother Matilda.
• Alfonso VII of León and Castile is crowned in León Cathedral as Imperator totius Hispaniae (Emperor of all of Spain).
• An earthquake strikes Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan, killing about 23,000.
• William of Ockham, the Franciscan Minister-General Michael of Cesena, and two other Franciscan leaders secretly leave Avignon, fearing a death sentence from Pope John XXII.
• Geneva expels John Calvin and his followers from the city. Calvin lives in exile in Strasbourg for the next three years.
• The Battle of Haarlemmermeer, a naval engagement in the Dutch War of Independence.
• Pequot War: A combined English and Mohegan force under John Mason attacks a village in Connecticut, massacring approximately 500 Pequots.
• Portuguese Restoration War: Portuguese and Spanish forces both claim victory in the Battle of Montijo.
• The Battle of Ackia is fought near the present site of Tupelo, Mississippi. British and Chickasaw soldiers repel a French and Choctaw attack on the then-Chickasaw village of Ackia.
• A Great Jubilee Day held at North Stratford, Connecticut, celebrates the end of fighting in the American Revolution.

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• Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo, Spain, back from the Moors.
• Henry the Navigator is appointed governor of the Order of Christ.
• The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw.
• Ming general Wu Sangui forms an alliance with the invading Manchus and opens the gates of the Great Wall of China at Shanhaiguan pass, letting the Manchus through towards the capital Beijing.
• Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth of England.
• Charles II lands at Dover at the invitation of the Convention Parliament, which marks the end of the Cromwell-proclaimed Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland and begins the Restoration of the British monarchy.
• A treaty between Pennsylvania and Maryland ends the Conojocular War with settlement of a boundary dispute and exchange of prisoners.
• After a delay of 11 days, the United States Constitutional Convention formally convenes in Philadelphia after a quorum of seven states is secured.
• United Irishmen Rebellion: Battle of Carlow begins; executions of suspected rebels at Carnew and at Dunlavin Green take place.
• Chuquisaca Revolution: Patriot revolt in Chuquisaca (modern-day Sucre) against the Spanish Empire, sparking the Latin American wars of independence.

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• The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom.
• Magnus Ladulås is crowned King of Sweden in Uppsala Cathedral.
• The ten-year-old Lambert Simnel is crowned in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, Ireland, with the name of Edward VI in a bid to threaten King Henry VII's reign.
• Erik XIV of Sweden and his guards murder five incarcerated Swedish nobles.
• Nomenclator of Leiden University Library appears, the first printed catalog of an institutional library.
• One hundred-five English settlers under the leadership of Captain Christopher Newport established the colony called Jamestown at the mouth of the James River on the Virginia coast, the first permanent English colony in America.
• The Protestant Union is formally dissolved.
• Peter Minuit buys Manhattan.
• The French Royal Army crosses the border into the Spanish Netherlands, starting the War of Devolution opposing France to the Spanish Empire and the Triple Alliance.
• The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England, opens as the world's first university museum.
• The English Parliament passes the Act of Toleration protecting dissenting Protestants but excluding Roman Catholics.
• John Wesley is converted, essentially launching the Methodist movement; the day is celebrated annually by Methodists as Aldersgate Day and a church service is generally held on the preceding Sunday.
• The Irish Rebellion of 1798 led by the United Irishmen against British rule begins.
• South American independence leader Simón Bolívar enters Mérida, leading the invasion of Venezuela, and is proclaimed El Libertador ("The Liberator").

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• Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction.
• Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy.
• The marriage of King Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon is declared null and void.
• Dutch rebels led by Louis of Nassau, defeat Jean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg, and his loyalist troops in the Battle of Heiligerlee, opening the Eighty Years' War.
• Official ratification of the Second Virginia Charter takes place.
• The Second Defenestration of Prague precipitates the Thirty Years' War.
• John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, defeats a French army under Marshal François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy at the Battle of Ramillies.
• South Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution as the eighth American state.
• Battle of Famars during the Flanders Campaign of the War of the First Coalition.
• Accordion patent granted to Cyrill Demian in Vienna, Austrian Empire.
• Declaration of the Báb the evening before the 23rd: A merchant of Shiraz announces that he is a Prophet and founds a religious movement that would later be brutally crushed by the Persian government. He is considered to be a forerunner of the Baháʼí Faith; Baháʼís celebrate the day as a holy day.
• Mexican-American War: President Mariano Paredes of Mexico unofficially declares war on the United States.

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• Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Galerius as Caesar to Diocletian, beginning the period of four rulers known as the Tetrarchy.
• Syracuse, Sicily, is captured by the Muslim Aghlabids after a nine-month siege.
• Pope John VIII gives blessings to Branimir of Croatia and to the Croatian people, considered to be international recognition of the Croatian state.
• Sixteen-year-old Otto III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
• Dušan's Code, the constitution of the Serbian Empire, is enacted by Dušan the Mighty.
• Henry III of Castile sends Ruy González de Clavijo as ambassador to Timur to discuss the possibility of an alliance between Timur and Castile against the Ottoman Empire.
• Queen Mary I grants a royal charter to Derby School, as a grammar school for boys in Derby, England.
• In the Concert of The Hague, the Dutch Republic, the Commonwealth of England and the Kingdom of France set out their views on how the Second Northern War should end.
• The Battle of Long Sault concludes after five days in which French colonial militia, with their Huron and Algonquin allies, are defeated by the Iroquois Confederacy.
• The nobility elect John Sobieski King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
• Daniel Defoe is imprisoned on charges of seditious libel.
• The Order of St. Alexander Nevsky is instituted in Russia by Empress Catherine I. It would later be discontinued and then reinstated by the Soviet government in 1942 as the Order of Alexander Nevsky.
• Ten-year-old Mary Campbell is abducted in Pennsylvania by Lenape during the French and Indian War. She is returned six and a half years later.

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