• Pope Honorius I is posthumously excommunicated by the Sixth Ecumenical Council.
• Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers.
• A determined band of 35 religious dissenters - Pilgrims set sail for Virginia from Plymouth, England in the Mayflower, jubilant at the prospect of practicing their unorthodox brand of worship in the New World.
• James Francis Edward Stuart, sometimes called the "Old Pretender", becomes the Jacobite claimant to the thrones of England and Scotland.
• In Campo Maior, Portugal, a storm hits the Armory and a violent explosion ensues, killing two-thirds of its inhabitants.
• American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Harlem Heights is fought.
• With the Grito de Dolores, Father Miguel Hidalgo begins Mexico's fight for independence from Spain.
• Robert College, in Istanbul, the first American educational institution outside the United States, is founded by Christopher Robert, an American philanthropist.
• The Cornell Daily Sun prints its first issue in Ithaca, New York. The Sun is the United States' oldest, continuously-independent college daily.
• Settlers make a land run for prime land in the Cherokee Strip in Oklahoma.
• The General Motors Corporation is founded.

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• Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes.
• Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by Jean de Malestroit, Bishop of Nantes.
• Departing from Vlissingen, ex-Holy Roman Emperor Charles V returns to Spain.
• The so-called "Invincible Armada" sent by Catholic King Philip II of Spain to overthrow Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England has been handed a crushing defeat in the English Channel.
• Seven Years' War: Battle of Signal Hill.
• American Revolutionary War: British forces land at Kip's Bay during the New York Campaign.
• French Revolutionary Wars: Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of Wellington) sees his first combat at the Battle of Boxtel during the Flanders Campaign.
• Britain seizes the Dutch Cape Colony in southern Africa to prevent its use by the Batavian Republic.
• War of 1812: A second supply train sent to relieve Fort Harrison is ambushed in the Attack at the Narrows.
• HMS Whiting runs aground on the Doom Bar.

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• Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
• Emperor Heraclius enters Constantinople in triumph after his victory over the Persian Empire.
• "Night of the three Caliphs": Harun al-Rashid becomes the Abbasid caliph upon the death of his brother al-Hadi. Birth of Harun's son al-Ma'mun.
• Battle of Islandbridge: High King Niall Glúndub is killed while leading an Irish coalition against the Vikings of Uí Ímair, led by King Sitric Cáech.
• Genpei War: Battle of Ishibashiyama in Japan.
• The first recorded instance of the Catholic practice of perpetual Eucharistic adoration formally begins in Avignon, France.
• Battle of Homildon Hill results in an English victory over Scotland.
• Flight of the Earls from Lough Swilly, Donegal, Ireland.
• Grand Master António Manoel de Vilhena lays down the first stone of Fort Manoel in Malta.
• George Frideric Handel completes his oratorio Messiah.
• The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar, skipping eleven days (the previous day was September 2).
• Seneca warriors defeat British forces at the Battle of Devil's Hole during Pontiac's War.

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• Belisarius of the Byzantine Empire defeats Gelimer and the Vandals at the Battle of Ad Decimum, near Carthage, North Africa.
• Ögedei Khan is proclaimed Khagan of the Mongol Empire in Kodoe Aral, Khentii: Mongolia.
• Italian Renaissance: Michelangelo begins work on his statue of David.
• Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand issue a Royal Warrant for the construction of a Royal Chapel (Capilla Real) to be built.
• After three years of exile, John Calvin returns to Geneva to reform the church under a body of doctrine known as Calvinism.
• San Lorenzo del Escorial Palace in Madrid is finished.
• Henry Hudson reaches the river that would later be named after him – the Hudson River.
• Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Scottish Royalists are defeated by Covenanters at the Battle of Philiphaugh.
• Battle of the Plains of Abraham: the British defeat the French near Quebec City in the Seven Years' War, known in the United States as the French and Indian War.
• American Revolutionary War: Franco-Spanish troops launch the unsuccessful "grand assault" during the Great Siege of Gibraltar.

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• Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Battle of Muret.
• Battle of Portopí: The Aragonese army under the command of James I of Aragon disembarks at Santa Ponça, Majorca, with the purpose of conquering the island.
• The First Siege of Gibraltar takes place in the context of the Spanish Reconquista pitting the forces of the Kingdom of Castile against the Emirate of Granada resulting in a Castilian victory.
• Henry Hudson begins his exploration of the Hudson River while aboard the Halve Maen.
• A gunpowder factory explodes in Valletta, Malta, killing 22 people and damaging several buildings.
• Austro-Ottoman War: Battle of Vienna: Several European armies join forces to defeat the Ottoman Empire.
• The Sultanate of Sulu ceded Balambangan Island to the British East India Company
• Battle of North Point: an American detachment halts the British land advance to Baltimore in the War of 1812.
• Elizabeth Barrett elopes with Robert Browning.
• Mexican-American War: the Battle of Chapultepec begins.
• A new constitution marks the establishment of Switzerland as a federal state.
• The SS Central America sinks about 160 miles east of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, drowning a total of 426 passengers and crew, including Captain William Lewis Herndon. The ship was carrying 13-15 tons of gold from the California Gold Rush.

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• The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hundred years.
• Isaac II Angelos kills Stephen Hagiochristophorites and then appeals to the people, resulting in the revolt that deposes Andronikos I Komnenos and places Isaac on the throne of the Byzantine Empire.
• Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots jointly led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray defeat the English.
• Lithuanian Civil War (1389-92): The Teutonic Knights begin a five-week siege of Vilnius.
• Santiago, Chile, is attacked by indigenous warriors, led by Michimalonco, to free eight indigenous chiefs held captive by the Spaniards.
• Ottoman forces retreat from Malta ending the Great Siege of Malta.
• Henry Hudson arrives on Manhattan Island and meets the indigenous people living there.
• Siege of Drogheda ends: Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian troops take the town and execute its garrison.
• Battle of Vienna: Coalition forces, including the famous winged Hussars, led by Polish King John III Sobieski lift the siege laid by Ottoman forces.
• Battle of Zenta: a major engagement in the Great Turkish War (1683-1699) and one of the most decisive defeats in Ottoman history.
• Charles XII of Sweden stops his march to conquer Moscow outside Smolensk, marking the turning point in the Great Northern War. The army is defeated nine months later in the Battle of Poltava, and the Swedish Empire ceases to be a major power.
• Battle of Malplaquet: Great Britain, Netherlands, and Austria fight against France.

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• The bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
• John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin, the future Charles VII of France.
• An earthquake known as "The Lesser Judgment Day" hits Constantinople.
• Thomas Wolsey is invested as a Cardinal.
• The Battle of Pinkie, the last full-scale military confrontation between England and Scotland, resulting in a decisive victory for the forces of Edward VI.
• Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima: Takeda Shingen defeats Uesugi Kenshin in the climax of their ongoing conflicts.
• German pirate Klein Henszlein and 33 of his crew are beheaded in Hamburg.
• Edward Maria Wingfield ousted as first president of the governing council of the Colony of Virginia; he is replaced by John Ratcliffe.
• John Smith is elected council president of Jamestown, Virginia.
• American Revolutionary War: Nathan Hale volunteers to spy for the Continental Army.
• At the Battle of St. George's Caye, British Honduras defeats Spain.
• The United States defeats a British Fleet at the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812.
• Elias Howe is granted a patent for the sewing machine.

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• Arminius' alliance of six Germanic tribes ambushes and annihilates three Roman legions of Publius Quinctilius Varus in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
• Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti.
• A Byzantine army of 15,000 men under Belisarius lands at Caput Vada (modern Tunisia) and marches to Carthage.
• Yelü Dashi, the Liao dynasty general who founded the Qara Khitai, defeats the Seljuq and Kara-Khanid forces at the Battle of Qatwan.
• In the Battle of Saint George, the Byzantines under Andronikos Asen ambush and defeat the forces of the Principality of Achaea, securing possession of Arcadia.
• Anne becomes sovereign Duchess of Brittany, becoming a central figure in the struggle for influence that leads to the union of Brittany and France.
• Christopher Columbus, with 17 ships and 1,200 men, sails on second voyage from Cadiz.

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• Battle of Huoyi: Li Yuan defeats a Sui dynasty army, opening the path to his capture of the imperial capital Chang'an and the eventual establishment of the Tang dynasty.
• Election of Antipope Theodoric.
• Philip of Swabia, Prince of Hohenstaufen, is crowned King of Germany (King of the Romans)
• Pope Innocent IV canonises Stanislaus of Szczepanów, killed by king Bolesław II.
• The Statute of Kalisz, guaranteeing Jews safety and personal liberties and giving battei din jurisdiction over Jewish matters, is promulgated by Bolesław the Pious, Duke of Greater Poland.
• Pope John XXI is elected Pope.
• Stefan Dušan declares himself king of Serbia.
• Battle of Kulikovo: Russian forces defeat a mixed army of Tatars and Mongols, stopping their advance.
• Michelangelo's David is unveiled in Piazza della Signoria in Florence.
• Battle of Orsha: In one of the biggest battles of the century, Lithuanians and Poles defeat the Russian army.
• Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation: Victoria arrives at Seville, technically completing the first circumnavigation.
• St. Augustine, Florida is founded by Spanish admiral and Florida's first governor, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés.
• The Knights of Malta lift the Ottoman siege of Malta that began on May 18.

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• A Roman army under Titus occupies and plunders Jerusalem.
• Louis the Stammerer is crowned as king of West Francia by Pope John VIII.
• Pope Alexander III is chosen.
• Third Crusade: Battle of Arsuf: Richard I of England defeats Saladin at Arsuf.
• Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II lands in Acre, Israel, and starts the Sixth Crusade, which results in a peaceful restoration of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
• Guillaume de Nogaret takes Pope Boniface VIII prisoner on behalf of Philip IV of France.
• Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, is arrested for his role in the Ridolfi plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots.
• The city of Boston, Massachusetts is founded.

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